Use prefabs for remaining Handle Riot panels

* Stop resizing March recommended button

* Preserve March recommended button prefab height

.bazelrc

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ common --worker_sandboxing
 common --local_test_jobs=64
 common --jobs=64
 
+# Keep these C++ standard flags in sync with tools/copts.bzl and scripts/shardok_cpp_config.sh.
 common --cxxopt="--std=c++23"
 common --cxxopt="-Wno-deprecated-non-prototype"
 common --per_file_copt=src/test/cpp/.*@-Wno-character-conversion
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ build:ubsan --strip=never
 build:ubsan --copt=-fno-omit-frame-pointer
 build:ubsan --copt=-Wno-macro-redefined
 build:ubsan --copt=-fsanitize=undefined
+# Protobuf's arena implementation trips UBSan alignment checks in external code on macOS.
+build:ubsan --copt=-fno-sanitize=alignment
 build:ubsan --linkopt=-fsanitize=undefined
 test:ubsan --test_env=UBSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1:halt_on_error=1
 

.clang-tidy

@@ -2,25 +2,17 @@ Checks: >
   -*,
   bugprone-*,
   performance-*,
-  readability-*,
-  modernize-*,
-  cppcoreguidelines-*,
+  modernize-use-nullptr,
+  modernize-use-override,
+  modernize-use-auto,
+  modernize-use-nodiscard,
+  readability-braces-around-statements,
+  readability-qualified-auto,
+  readability-redundant-member-init,
+  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-cstyle-cast,
   -bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,
-  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,
-  -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
-  -readability-convert-member-functions-to-static,
-  -readability-function-cognitive-complexity,
-  -readability-identifier-length,
-  -readability-magic-numbers
+  -bugprone-branch-clone,
+  -bugprone-signed-char-misuse
 WarningsAsErrors: ''
 HeaderFilterRegex: 'src/(main|test)/cpp/net/eagle0/(shardok|common)/.*'
 FormatStyle: file

.github/workflows/bazel_test.yml

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ on:
       - '.bazelrc'
       - 'ci/github_actions/ensure_bazel_installed.sh'
       - 'ci/github_actions/summarize_bazel_bep.py'
+      - '.clang-tidy'
+      - 'scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh'
+      - 'scripts/check_shardok_clang_tidy.sh'
       - '.github/actions/setup-bazel/**'
       - '.github/workflows/bazel_test.yml'
       - '!src/main/csharp/**'
@@ -26,6 +29,9 @@ on:
       - '.bazelrc'
       - 'ci/github_actions/ensure_bazel_installed.sh'
       - 'ci/github_actions/summarize_bazel_bep.py'
+      - '.clang-tidy'
+      - 'scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh'
+      - 'scripts/check_shardok_clang_tidy.sh'
       - '.github/actions/setup-bazel/**'
       - '.github/workflows/bazel_test.yml'
       - '!src/main/csharp/**'
@@ -78,6 +84,8 @@ jobs:
         node-version: 'lts/*'
     - name: Check JavaScript syntax
       run: node --check src/main/go/net/eagle0/admin_server/static/map_editor.js
+    - name: Check Shardok clang-tidy gate
+      run: ./scripts/check_shardok_clang_tidy.sh
 
   test:
     runs-on: [self-hosted, bazel]

.github/workflows/shardok_sanitizer_test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+name: Shardok Sanitizer Test
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/test/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/common/**"
+      - "WORKSPACE"
+      - "MODULE.bazel"
+      - "MODULE.bazel.lock"
+      - "BUILD.bazel"
+      - ".bazelrc"
+      - ".github/actions/setup-bazel/**"
+      - ".github/workflows/shardok_sanitizer_test.yml"
+      - "ci/github_actions/ensure_bazel_installed.sh"
+      - "ci/github_actions/summarize_bazel_bep.py"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/test/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/**"
+      - "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/common/**"
+      - "WORKSPACE"
+      - "MODULE.bazel"
+      - "MODULE.bazel.lock"
+      - "BUILD.bazel"
+      - ".bazelrc"
+      - ".github/actions/setup-bazel/**"
+      - ".github/workflows/shardok_sanitizer_test.yml"
+      - "ci/github_actions/ensure_bazel_installed.sh"
+      - "ci/github_actions/summarize_bazel_bep.py"
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  shardok-sanitizer-test:
+    name: Shardok ${{ matrix.name }}
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, bazel]
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - name: ASan
+            config: asan
+          - name: UBSan
+            config: ubsan
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Ensure Git LFS available for checkout
+        run: |
+          COMMON_PATHS=(/opt/homebrew/bin /usr/local/bin)
+          for path in "${COMMON_PATHS[@]}"; do
+            if [ -d "$path" ]; then
+              echo "$path" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+              export PATH="$path:$PATH"
+            fi
+          done
+
+          if command -v git-lfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            git-lfs version
+            exit 0
+          fi
+
+          brew install git-lfs
+          git-lfs version
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          lfs: false
+      - name: Setup Bazel
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-bazel
+      - name: Run Shardok sanitizer tests
+        run: bazel test --config=${{ matrix.config }} --build_event_json_file=${{ matrix.config }}.json //src/test/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/...
+      - name: Summarize Bazel build metrics
+        if: always()
+        run: python3 ci/github_actions/summarize_bazel_bep.py ${{ matrix.config }}.json
+      - name: Archive sanitizer test results
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: shardok-${{ matrix.config }}.json
+          path: ${{ matrix.config }}.json
+          retention-days: 3

AGENTS.md

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@
 **NEVER kill Unity without asking the user first.** The user might be actively using the Unity Editor. Do not kill,
 force-quit, terminate, or otherwise stop Unity processes unless the user explicitly approves that specific action.
 
+**NEVER change Unity's default/open scene as part of running checks.** Unity batchmode or editor validation may write
+scene-selection churn such as `ProjectSettings/EditorBuildSettings.asset`, `ProjectSettings/SceneTemplateSettings.json`,
+or scene files simply because a different scene was open or loaded. Treat those as unintended local environment changes:
+do not stage them, and restore them before committing unless the user explicitly asked to change scenes/build settings.
+
 ## CRITICAL GIT RULES (NEVER VIOLATE)
 
 **NEVER use `git -C`.** Just run `git` directly from the cwd — it finds the repo via `.git` discovery. Do not `cd` to the repo root either (see the no-`cd` bash rule above).

docs/LLM_MODEL_COMPARISON.md

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ LLM settings can be changed at runtime via the admin console:
 1. Navigate to Admin Console → Settings
 2. Change `LlmProvider` to select vendor (gemini, openai, claude)
 3. Change the corresponding model name setting:
-   - `GeminiModelName` (default: gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview)
+   - `GeminiModelName` (default: gemini-3.1-flash-lite)
    - `OpenAiModelName` (default: gpt-4.1-mini)
    - `ClaudeModelName` (default: claude-3-5-haiku-20241022)
 

scripts/check_shardok_clang_tidy.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Runs the curated Shardok clang-tidy gate used by CI.
+#
+# This intentionally checks representative files instead of the whole C++ tree.
+# Keep this list low-noise; expand it as cleanup PRs make more areas tidy-clean.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+repo_root="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+source "$repo_root/scripts/shardok_cpp_config.sh"
+
+files=(
+    "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ActionCost.hpp"
+    "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/CombatDamage.hpp"
+)
+
+compiler_args=(
+    "-I$repo_root"
+    "$SHARDOK_CXX_STANDARD_ARG"
+)
+
+if command -v xcrun >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    sdk_path="$(xcrun --show-sdk-path)"
+    compiler_args+=("-isysroot" "$sdk_path")
+fi
+
+"$repo_root/scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh" --verify-config
+
+"$repo_root/scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh" --quiet --warnings-as-errors="*" "${files[@]}" -- "${compiler_args[@]}"

scripts/notarize_submit.sh

@@ -32,23 +32,33 @@ echo "=== Creating ZIP for notarization: $ZIP_PATH ===" >&2
 ditto -c -k --keepParent "$APP_PATH" "$ZIP_PATH"
 
 echo "=== Submitting to Apple for notarization ===" >&2
+set +e
 SUBMIT_OUTPUT=$(xcrun notarytool submit "$ZIP_PATH" \
     --apple-id "$APPLE_ID" \
     --password "$APP_SPECIFIC_PASSWORD" \
     --team-id "$TEAM_ID" 2>&1)
+SUBMIT_STATUS=$?
+set -e
 
 echo "$SUBMIT_OUTPUT" >&2
 
+if [ "$SUBMIT_STATUS" -ne 0 ]; then
+    rm -f "$ZIP_PATH"
+    echo "ERROR: notarytool submit failed with exit code $SUBMIT_STATUS" >&2
+    exit "$SUBMIT_STATUS"
+fi
+
 # Extract submission ID
-SUBMISSION_ID=$(echo "$SUBMIT_OUTPUT" | grep "id:" | head -1 | awk '{print $2}')
+SUBMISSION_ID=$(echo "$SUBMIT_OUTPUT" | awk '/^[[:space:]]*id:/ {print $2; exit}')
 
 if [ -z "$SUBMISSION_ID" ]; then
+    rm -f "$ZIP_PATH"
     echo "ERROR: Failed to get submission ID" >&2
     exit 1
 fi
 
 # Clean up the zip
-rm "$ZIP_PATH"
+rm -f "$ZIP_PATH"
 
 echo "Submission ID: $SUBMISSION_ID" >&2
 

scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ set -e
 export PATH="/opt/homebrew/bin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH"
 
 repo_root="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+source "$repo_root/scripts/shardok_cpp_config.sh"
 
 if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
     echo "Usage: scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh [clang-tidy args] <files> [-- <compiler args>]"
     echo ""
     echo "Examples:"
     echo "  scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh --verify-config"
-    echo "  scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/CombatDamage.hpp -- -I$repo_root -std=c++23"
+    echo "  scripts/run-clang-tidy.sh src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/CombatDamage.hpp -- -I$repo_root $SHARDOK_CXX_STANDARD_ARG"
     exit 2
 fi
 

scripts/shardok_cpp_config.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Shared C++ settings for shell scripts that invoke Shardok tooling outside Bazel.
+
+SHARDOK_CXX_STANDARD="c++23"
+SHARDOK_CXX_STANDARD_ARG="-std=${SHARDOK_CXX_STANDARD}"

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/ByteHasher.hpp

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ static inline auto HashBuffer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) -> uint64_t {
 
     // Process 8 bytes at a time
     while (data + 8 <= end) {
-        uint64_t word;
+        uint64_t word = 0;
         // Use memcpy to avoid alignment issues and let compiler optimize
         __builtin_memcpy(&word, data, sizeof(word));
         hash ^= word;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/IterableBitset.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <bit>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <iterator>
 
 #define ITERABLE_BITSET_INDEX_CHECKS false
 
@@ -104,9 +105,11 @@ public:
 
     class Iter {
     public:
+        using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+        using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
         using value_type = size_t;
-        using pointer = size_t*;
-        using reference = size_t&;
+        using pointer = void;
+        using reference = size_t;
 
     private:
         size_t storeIndex;
@@ -142,13 +145,20 @@ public:
         auto operator!=(const Iter& rhs) const -> bool {
             return storeIndex != rhs.storeIndex || bitIndex != rhs.bitIndex;
         }
-        void operator++() {
+        auto operator++() -> Iter& {
             bitIndex++;
             if (bitIndex >= STORE_BITS) {
                 storeIndex++;
                 bitIndex = 0;
             }
             ToNext();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto operator++(int) -> Iter {
+            Iter previous = *this;
+            ++(*this);
+            return previous;
         }
 
         auto operator*() const -> size_t { return (storeIndex << BIT_SHIFT) + bitIndex; }

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/RandomGenerator.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 
 #include "RandomGenerator.hpp"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <ctime>
+#include <stdexcept>
 
 constexpr double kOpenEndedHighThreshold = 95.0;
 constexpr double kOpenEndedLowThreshold = 5.0;
@@ -67,7 +69,8 @@ auto RandomGenerator::ReverseOpenEndedPercentile() -> double {
 }
 
 auto RandomGenerator::IntBetween(const int min, const int max) -> int {
-    return int(DoubleZeroToOne() * (max - min)) + min;
+    if (min >= max) { throw std::invalid_argument("random integer range must be non-empty"); }
+    return std::min(int(DoubleZeroToOne() * (max - min)) + min, max - 1);
 }
 
 auto RandomGenerator::IntBelow(const int max) -> int { return IntBetween(0, max); }
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ StdLibraryGenerator::StdLibraryGenerator(const std::mt19937_64::result_type seed
 }
 
 auto StdLibraryGenerator::IntBetween(const int min, const int max) -> int {
+    if (min >= max) { throw std::invalid_argument("random integer range must be non-empty"); }
     std::uniform_int_distribution<int> unifInt(min, max - 1);
     return unifInt(engine);
 }

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/RandomGenerator.hpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
 #include <random>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
 class RandomGenerator;
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ public:
 
     template<class T>
     auto RandomElement(const std::vector<T>& vec) -> T {
+        if (vec.empty()) { throw std::invalid_argument("cannot choose from an empty vector"); }
         return vec.at(static_cast<std::size_t>(IntBelow(static_cast<int>(vec.size()))));
     }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/SequenceRandomGenerator.hpp

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 #ifndef EAGLE0_COMMON_SEQUENCE_RANDOM_GENERATOR_HPP
 #define EAGLE0_COMMON_SEQUENCE_RANDOM_GENERATOR_HPP
 
+#include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -29,14 +31,24 @@ private:
     size_t position = 0;
 
     auto DoubleZeroToOne() -> double override {
+        if (position >= sequence.size()) { position = 0; }
         const double nextVal = sequence.at(position);
         position++;
-        if (position >= sequence.size()) { position = 0; }
         return nextVal;
     }
 
 public:
-    explicit SequenceRandomGenerator(std::vector<double> s) : sequence(std::move(s)) {}
+    explicit SequenceRandomGenerator(std::vector<double> s) : sequence(std::move(s)) {
+        if (sequence.empty()) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("sequence random generator requires at least one value");
+        }
+        for (const double value : sequence) {
+            if (!std::isfinite(value) || value < 0.0 || value > 1.0) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument(
+                        "sequence random generator values must be between 0 and 1");
+            }
+        }
+    }
     static auto WithSequence(const std::vector<double>& s)
             -> std::shared_ptr<SequenceRandomGenerator> {
         return std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(s);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/UnitConversions.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace shardok {
 using Coords = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Coords;
 
 constexpr double kDefaultMorale = 50.0;
+constexpr float kExplicitMoraleSentinel = -1.0f;
 
 auto ConvertBattalion(const net::eagle0::common::CommonBattalion &battalion) -> Battalion {
     Battalion shardokBattalion{};
@@ -18,6 +19,10 @@ auto ConvertBattalion(const net::eagle0::common::CommonBattalion &battalion) ->
     shardokBattalion.mutate_type(
             static_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::BattalionTypeId>(battalion.type()));
     shardokBattalion.mutate_morale(kDefaultMorale);
+    if (battalion.has_morale()) {
+        shardokBattalion.mutate_morale(static_cast<float>(battalion.morale()));
+        shardokBattalion.mutate_base_morale(kExplicitMoraleSentinel);
+    }
     shardokBattalion.mutate_armament(static_cast<float>(battalion.armament()));
     shardokBattalion.mutate_training(static_cast<float>(battalion.training()));
 
@@ -125,4 +130,4 @@ auto ConvertUnit(
     return shardokUnit;
 }
 
-}  // namespace shardok
+}  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/byte_vector.hpp

@@ -9,18 +9,24 @@
 #ifndef EAGLE0_COMMON_BYTE_VECTOR_HPP
 #define EAGLE0_COMMON_BYTE_VECTOR_HPP
 
+#include <charconv>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
-#include <sstream>
+#include <initializer_list>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 using std::string;
 using std::vector;
 
-class byte_vector : public vector<uint8_t> {
+class byte_vector {
+private:
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bytes_;
+
 public:
     class HexException : public std::exception {
         const std::string description;
@@ -35,60 +41,78 @@ public:
     };
 
 private:
-    static auto HexNibbleToValue(const char nibble) -> uint8_t {
-        if (nibble >= '0' && nibble <= '9') {
-            return uint8_t(nibble - '0');
-        } else if (nibble >= 'A' && nibble <= 'F') {
-            return uint8_t(nibble - 'A' + 10);
-        } else if (nibble >= 'a' && nibble <= 'f') {
-            return uint8_t(nibble - 'a' + 10);
+    static auto HexCharsToByte(const std::string_view digits) -> uint8_t {
+        unsigned int parsedByte = 0;
+        const auto [ptr, ec] =
+                std::from_chars(digits.data(), digits.data() + digits.size(), parsedByte, 16);
+        if (ec != std::errc() || ptr != digits.data() + digits.size()) {
+            throw HexException(ptr == digits.data() + digits.size() ? digits.back() : *ptr);
         }
-        throw HexException(nibble);
-    }
-
-    static auto HexCharsToByte(std::istringstream& str) -> uint8_t {
-        uint8_t b = 0;
-        char c = 0;
-        str >> c;
-        b |= (HexNibbleToValue(c) << 4u);
-        str >> c;
-        b |= HexNibbleToValue(c);
-        return b;
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(parsedByte);
     }
 
 public:
     byte_vector() = default;
-    byte_vector(const std::initializer_list<uint8_t> list) : vector<uint8_t>(list) {}
+    byte_vector(const std::initializer_list<uint8_t> list) : bytes_(list) {}
     template<class InputIt>
-    byte_vector(InputIt begin, InputIt end) : vector<uint8_t>(begin, end) {}
+    byte_vector(InputIt begin, InputIt end) : bytes_(begin, end) {}
     byte_vector(const byte_vector& rhs) = default;
-    explicit byte_vector(const std::string& s) : byte_vector(s.begin(), s.end()) {}
-    explicit byte_vector(const size_t size) : vector<uint8_t>(size) {}
-    explicit byte_vector(void* data, const size_t size) : vector<uint8_t>(size) {
-        this->assign((uint8_t*)data, (uint8_t*)data + size);
+    byte_vector(byte_vector&& rhs) noexcept = default;
+    explicit byte_vector(const std::string& s) : bytes_(s.begin(), s.end()) {}
+    explicit byte_vector(std::vector<uint8_t> bytes) : bytes_(std::move(bytes)) {}
+    explicit byte_vector(const size_t size) : bytes_(size) {}
+    explicit byte_vector(const void* data, const size_t size) {
+        auto* bytes = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+        bytes_.assign(bytes, bytes + size);
     }
 
-    auto operator==(const vector<uint8_t>& vec) -> bool {
-        if (this->size() != vec.size()) return false;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
-            if ((*this)[i] != vec[i]) return false;
-        }
-        return true;
+    auto operator=(const byte_vector& rhs) -> byte_vector& = default;
+    auto operator=(byte_vector&& rhs) noexcept -> byte_vector& = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator==(const std::vector<uint8_t>& vec) const -> bool {
+        return bytes_ == vec;
     }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator==(const byte_vector& vec) const -> bool {
+        return bytes_ == vec.bytes_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] auto data() -> uint8_t* { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto data() const -> const uint8_t* { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto size() const -> size_t { return bytes_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto empty() const -> bool { return bytes_.empty(); }
+    void reserve(const size_t count) { bytes_.reserve(count); }
+    void resize(const size_t count) { bytes_.resize(count); }
+    void swap(byte_vector& other) noexcept { bytes_.swap(other.bytes_); }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] auto begin() -> std::vector<uint8_t>::iterator { return bytes_.begin(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto begin() const -> std::vector<uint8_t>::const_iterator {
+        return bytes_.begin();
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto end() -> std::vector<uint8_t>::iterator { return bytes_.end(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto end() const -> std::vector<uint8_t>::const_iterator { return bytes_.end(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto cbegin() const -> std::vector<uint8_t>::const_iterator {
+        return bytes_.cbegin();
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto cend() const -> std::vector<uint8_t>::const_iterator {
+        return bytes_.cend();
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator[](const size_t index) -> uint8_t& { return bytes_[index]; }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator[](const size_t index) const -> uint8_t { return bytes_[index]; }
 
     auto append(const char* bytes, const size_t length) {
-        const auto previousSize = this->size();
-        this->resize(previousSize + length);
-        std::memcpy(this->data() + previousSize, bytes, length);
+        const auto previousSize = size();
+        resize(previousSize + length);
+        std::memcpy(data() + previousSize, bytes, length);
     }
 
     template<class T>
     auto append(const T* elts, const size_t count) {
-        append((char*)elts, count * sizeof(T));
+        append(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(elts), count * sizeof(T));
     }
 
     template<class T>
-    auto append(const vector<T> elts) {
+    auto append(const vector<T>& elts) {
         append(elts.data(), elts.size());
     }
 
@@ -98,7 +122,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     auto operator+=(const uint8_t c) -> byte_vector& {
-        this->insert(end(), c);
+        bytes_.push_back(c);
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +135,7 @@ public:
 
     template<class Iterable>
     auto operator+=(const Iterable& rhs) -> byte_vector& {
-        this->insert(end(), rhs.cbegin(), rhs.cend());
+        bytes_.insert(end(), rhs.cbegin(), rhs.cend());
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -119,7 +143,7 @@ public:
         if (size() < 8) {
             uint64_t total = 0;
             for (size_t i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
-                total <<= 8u;
+                total <<= 8U;
                 total += (*this)[i];
             }
             return total;
@@ -128,9 +152,9 @@ public:
         uint64_t firstBytes = 0;
         uint64_t lastBytes = 0;
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-            firstBytes <<= 8u;
+            firstBytes <<= 8U;
             firstBytes += (*this)[i];
-            lastBytes <<= 8u;
+            lastBytes <<= 8U;
             lastBytes += (*this)[i];
         }
 
@@ -141,8 +165,8 @@ public:
         std::ifstream inputFileStream(path, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
         const std::streamsize size = inputFileStream.tellg();
         inputFileStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
-        this->resize((size_t(size)));
-        inputFileStream.read((char*)this->data(), size);
+        this->resize(static_cast<size_t>(size));
+        inputFileStream.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(this->data()), size);
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -153,34 +177,41 @@ public:
         }
         const std::streamsize size = inputFileStream.tellg();
         inputFileStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
-        byte_vector serializedGame((size_t(size)));
-        inputFileStream.read((char*)serializedGame.data(), size);
+        byte_vector serializedGame(static_cast<size_t>(size));
+        inputFileStream.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(serializedGame.data()), size);
         return serializedGame;
     }
 
     static auto FromHex(const char* hexString) -> byte_vector { return FromHex(string(hexString)); }
 
-    static auto FromHex(string hexString) -> byte_vector {
-        if (hexString[0] == '0' && (hexString[1] == 'x' || hexString[1] == 'X')) {
-            hexString = string(hexString.begin() + 1, hexString.end());
+    static auto FromHex(const string& hexString) -> byte_vector {
+        std::string_view digits(hexString);
+        if (digits.starts_with("0x") || digits.starts_with("0X")) {
+            digits.remove_prefix(2);
+        } else if (digits.starts_with("x") || digits.starts_with("X")) {
+            digits.remove_prefix(1);
         }
-        if (hexString[0] == 'x' || hexString[0] == 'X') {
-            hexString = string(hexString.begin() + 1, hexString.end());
-        }
-        byte_vector vec;
-        const size_t len = hexString.size();
-        vec.reserve(len / 2);
-        std::istringstream hexStream(hexString);
 
-        while (size_t(hexStream.tellg()) < len) { vec += HexCharsToByte(hexStream); }
+        if (digits.size() % 2 != 0) { throw HexException(digits.empty() ? '\0' : digits.back()); }
+
+        byte_vector vec;
+        vec.reserve(digits.size() / 2);
+
+        for (size_t index = 0; index < digits.size(); index += 2) {
+            vec += HexCharsToByte(digits.substr(index, 2));
+        }
         return vec;
     }
 
     explicit operator std::string() const { return std::string(begin(), end()); }
 };
 
-inline auto operator<<(std::ostream& ostr, byte_vector vec) -> std::ostream& {
-    ostr.write((char*)vec.data(), (std::streamsize)vec.size());
+inline auto operator==(const std::vector<uint8_t>& lhs, const byte_vector& rhs) -> bool {
+    return rhs == lhs;
+}
+
+inline auto operator<<(std::ostream& ostr, const byte_vector& vec) -> std::ostream& {
+    ostr.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(vec.data()), static_cast<std::streamsize>(vec.size()));
     return ostr;
 }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/mcts/abstract/AbstractMCTSAI.cpp

@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ auto AbstractMCTSAI::BuildMCTSTree(
             }));
         }
 
-        // Wait for all threads to complete
-        for (auto& future : futures) { future.wait(); }
+        // Wait for all threads to complete and propagate worker exceptions.
+        for (auto& future : futures) { future.get(); }
     } else {
         // Single-threaded MCTS
         while (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < deadline) {

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/MapInfoCalculator.hpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct alignas(64) OneMapInfo {
     std::map<int, int> positionsRequiringCrossing;
 };
 
-auto CalculateMap(
+[[nodiscard]] auto CalculateMap(
         const std::string& mapName,
         const std::shared_ptr<shardok::ActionPointDistancesCache>& apdCache,
         const shardok::BattalionTypeSPtr& battalionType) -> OneMapInfo;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIAttackGroups.cpp

@@ -25,25 +25,44 @@ DIST_T NormalizedCostWhenBraving(const DIST_T cost) {
 
 struct TargetAndDistance {
     Coords target;
+    size_t targetIndex;
     CoordsSet attackLocations;
     double targetPower;
     DIST_T distance;
 
-    TargetAndDistance(const Coords& t, const CoordsSet& al, const double tp, const DIST_T d)
+    TargetAndDistance(
+            const Coords& t,
+            const size_t ti,
+            const CoordsSet& al,
+            const double tp,
+            const DIST_T d)
         : target(t),
+          targetIndex(ti),
           attackLocations(al),
           targetPower(tp),
           distance(d) {}
 };
 
+auto CoordsIndex(const Coords& coords, const int columnCount) {
+    return coords.row() * columnCount + coords.column();
+}
+
+auto CoordsFromIndex(const size_t index, const int columnCount) -> Coords {
+    return Coords(
+            static_cast<int8_t>(index / static_cast<size_t>(columnCount)),
+            static_cast<int8_t>(index % static_cast<size_t>(columnCount)));
+}
+
 auto MinDistance(
         const Coords& start,
         const CoordsSet& destinations,
         const ActionPointDistances* apd) -> DIST_T {
     DIST_T minDistance = ActionPointDistances::IMPOSSIBLE;
+    const int startIndex = CoordsIndex(start, destinations.ColumnCount());
 
-    for (const Coords& dest : destinations) {
-        if (const DIST_T distance = apd->Distance(start, dest); distance < minDistance) {
+    for (const auto destIndex : destinations.indexIterator()) {
+        if (const DIST_T distance = apd->Distance(startIndex, static_cast<int>(destIndex));
+            distance < minDistance) {
             minDistance = distance;
         }
     }
@@ -113,10 +132,6 @@ auto EffectiveDistance(
 
 auto Power(const Unit* unit) -> double { return unit->battalion().size(); }
 
-auto CoordsIndex(const Coords& coords, const int columnCount) {
-    return coords.row() * columnCount + coords.column();
-}
-
 // Chooses a list of targets in priority order for each unit.
 auto GenerateTargetPriorities(
         const vector<const Unit*>& occupants,
@@ -163,10 +178,10 @@ auto GenerateTargetPriorities(
             bravingApd = apdCache->GetRaw(map, mapId, battType, true, braveWaterCost);
         }
 
-        for (const Coords& targetLocation : targets) {
-            const auto coordsIndex = CoordsIndex(targetLocation, cc);
-            const auto& occupant = occupants[coordsIndex];
+        for (const auto targetIndex : targets.indexIterator()) {
+            const auto& occupant = occupants[targetIndex];
 
+            const Coords targetLocation = CoordsFromIndex(targetIndex, cc);
             const auto& attackLocations = alCache->CachedLocations(targetLocation, isLateGame);
 
             if (occupant && occupant->player_id() != attackerId) {
@@ -179,12 +194,14 @@ auto GenerateTargetPriorities(
 
                     targetsWithDistance.emplace_back(
                             targetLocation,
+                            targetIndex,
                             attackLocsForUnit,
                             occupantPower,
                             distance);
                 } else {
                     targetsWithDistance.emplace_back(
                             targetLocation,
+                            targetIndex,
                             attackLocations.LocationsWithEnemyInRange(unit),
                             occupantPower,
                             ActionPointDistances::IMPOSSIBLE);
@@ -195,13 +212,11 @@ auto GenerateTargetPriorities(
         // Sort by distance
         std::ranges::sort(
                 targetsWithDistance,
-                [&powerAttackingEachTarget,
-                 cc](const TargetAndDistance& left, const TargetAndDistance& right) {
-                    const auto leftIndex = CoordsIndex(left.target, cc);
-                    const auto rightIndex = CoordsIndex(right.target, cc);
-
-                    const double powerAttackingLeft = powerAttackingEachTarget[leftIndex];
-                    const double powerAttackingRight = powerAttackingEachTarget[rightIndex];
+                [&powerAttackingEachTarget](
+                        const TargetAndDistance& left,
+                        const TargetAndDistance& right) {
+                    const double powerAttackingLeft = powerAttackingEachTarget[left.targetIndex];
+                    const double powerAttackingRight = powerAttackingEachTarget[right.targetIndex];
 
                     const bool leftAlreadyOverwhelmed =
                             powerAttackingLeft >= kOverpowerRatio * left.targetPower;
@@ -215,8 +230,7 @@ auto GenerateTargetPriorities(
                 });
 
         if (!targetsWithDistance.empty()) {
-            powerAttackingEachTarget[CoordsIndex(targetsWithDistance.front().target, cc)] +=
-                    Power(unit);
+            powerAttackingEachTarget[targetsWithDistance.front().targetIndex] += Power(unit);
         }
 
         tpl.priorityOrder.reserve(targetsWithDistance.size());

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIAttackLocations.cpp

@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ auto AttackLocationsCache::CachedLocations(const CoordsSet &targets, const bool
         -> AttackLocations {
     AttackLocations al(rowCount, columnCount);
 
-    for (const auto &target : targets) {
-        const int index = target.row() * columnCount + target.column();
+    for (const auto index : targets.indexIterator()) {
         if (lateGame) {
             al += lateGameLocations[index];
         } else {
@@ -137,4 +136,4 @@ auto AttackLocationsCache::CachedLocations(const vector<const Unit *> &enemies,
     return CachedLocations(targets, lateGame);
 }
 
-}  // namespace shardok
+}  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AICommandEvaluator.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
 
 #include "AICommandFilter.hpp"
 #include "TranspositionTable.hpp"
@@ -21,12 +23,49 @@
 
 namespace shardok {
 
-static const std::vector<double> kAverageSequence = {0.5};
-static const auto kAverageGenerator = std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(kAverageSequence);
-
 constexpr bool kMultithread = true;
 constexpr bool kLogging = false;
 
+[[nodiscard]] static auto AverageGenerator() -> std::shared_ptr<SequenceRandomGenerator> {
+    return std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(std::vector{0.5});
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static auto DescribeCommandForLog(const CommandSPtr& command) -> std::string {
+    if (!command) { return "<null command>"; }
+
+    std::ostringstream out;
+    out << "type=" << command->GetCommandType()
+        << " player=" << static_cast<int>(command->GetPlayerId())
+        << " actor=" << command->GetActorUnitId() << " target=("
+        << static_cast<int>(command->GetTargetRow()) << ','
+        << static_cast<int>(command->GetTargetColumn()) << ')';
+
+    if (command->HasOdds()) { out << " odds_percentile=" << command->GetOddsPercentile(); }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static auto DescribeCommandAt(
+        const CommandListSPtr& commands,
+        const size_t commandIndex) -> std::string {
+    if (!commands) { return "command=<null command list>"; }
+    if (commandIndex >= commands->size()) {
+        std::ostringstream out;
+        out << "command=<index " << commandIndex << " out of " << commands->size() << ">";
+        return out.str();
+    }
+
+    std::ostringstream out;
+    out << "command={" << DescribeCommandForLog(commands->at(commandIndex)) << '}';
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static auto WithExceptionContext(
+        const std::string& context,
+        const std::exception& exception) -> std::runtime_error {
+    return std::runtime_error(context + ": " + exception.what());
+}
+
 static auto IsDeterministic(const CommandType type) -> bool {
     switch (type) {
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::MOVE_COMMAND:
@@ -39,13 +78,11 @@ static auto IsDeterministic(const CommandType type) -> bool {
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::PLACE_HIDDEN_UNIT_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::UNIT_STOP_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::UNIT_REST_COMMAND:
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::FLEE_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::REINFORCE_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::RETREAT_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::END_PLAYER_SETUP_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::HIDE_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::FORTIFY_COMMAND:
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::BECOME_OUTLAW_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::HOLY_WAVE_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::EVACUATE_PRISONERS_COMMAND:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::REPAIR_COMMAND: return true;
@@ -59,6 +96,14 @@ static auto RandomnessSampleForRepeat(const int repeatIteration, const int maxRe
     return static_cast<double>(repeatIteration) / static_cast<double>(maxRepeatCount - 1);
 }
 
+static auto SuccessSampleForOdds(const double successChance) -> double {
+    return successChance / 2.0;
+}
+
+static auto FailureSampleForOdds(const double successChance) -> double {
+    return successChance + ((1.0 - successChance) / 2.0);
+}
+
 static auto CommandSorter(
         const AICommandEvaluator::IndexAndScore& l,
         const AICommandEvaluator::IndexAndScore& r) -> bool {
@@ -133,17 +178,34 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::PerformLookahead(
                 std::launch::deferred,
                 [bestCommandFuture = std::move(bestCommandFuture),
                  innerEngine,
+                 nextCommands,
                  pid,
                  nextUtility,
                  remainingLookahead]() mutable -> EvaluationResult {
-                    const auto bestCommand = bestCommandFuture.get();
+                    IndexAndScore bestCommand;
+                    try {
+                        bestCommand = bestCommandFuture.get();
+                    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                        std::ostringstream context;
+                        context << "AI PerformLookahead failed while resolving best command"
+                                << " player=" << static_cast<int>(pid)
+                                << " remaining_lookahead=" << remainingLookahead
+                                << " next_command_count=" << nextCommands->size();
+                        throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+                    }
                     if (!bestCommand.completed) {
                         return EvaluationResult{.score = nextUtility, .completed = false};
                     }
+                    if (bestCommand.index >= nextCommands->size()) {
+                        std::cerr << "AI lookahead produced command index " << bestCommand.index
+                                  << " with only " << nextCommands->size()
+                                  << " available commands for player " << static_cast<int>(pid)
+                                  << " at remaining lookahead " << remainingLookahead << "\n";
+                        return EvaluationResult{.score = nextUtility, .completed = false};
+                    }
 
                     ScoreValue resultScore;
-                    if (auto& nextCommand = innerEngine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(pid)->at(
-                                bestCommand.index);
+                    if (const auto& nextCommand = nextCommands->at(bestCommand.index);
                         nextCommand->GetCommandType() !=
                         net::eagle0::shardok::common::END_TURN_COMMAND) {
                         resultScore = bestCommand.immediateScore;
@@ -194,14 +256,36 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::EvaluateWithRandomness(
         return returnValue;
     }
 
+    const auto guessedCommands = guessedEngine.GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(pid);
     auto innerEngine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(guessedEngine, false);
-    innerEngine->PostCommand(pid, commandIndex, randomGenerator);
+    try {
+        innerEngine->PostCommand(pid, commandIndex, randomGenerator);
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+        std::ostringstream context;
+        context << "AI EvaluateWithRandomness failed while posting simulated command"
+                << " player=" << static_cast<int>(pid) << " command_index=" << commandIndex
+                << " guessed_command_count=" << guessedCommands->size()
+                << " remaining_lookahead=" << remainingLookahead << ' '
+                << DescribeCommandAt(guessedCommands, commandIndex);
+        throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+    }
 
-    auto innerUtility = scorer_.GuessedStateScore(
-            isDefender,
-            innerEngine->GetCurrentGameState(),
-            attackerStrategy,
-            allCastleCoords);
+    ScoreValue innerUtility;
+    try {
+        innerUtility = scorer_.GuessedStateScore(
+                isDefender,
+                innerEngine->GetCurrentGameState(),
+                attackerStrategy,
+                allCastleCoords);
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+        std::ostringstream context;
+        context << "AI EvaluateWithRandomness failed while scoring simulated state"
+                << " player=" << static_cast<int>(pid) << " command_index=" << commandIndex
+                << " guessed_command_count=" << guessedCommands->size()
+                << " remaining_lookahead=" << remainingLookahead << ' '
+                << DescribeCommandAt(guessedCommands, commandIndex);
+        throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+    }
 
     returnValue.immediateScore = innerUtility;
     returnValue.completed = true;
@@ -216,22 +300,33 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::EvaluateWithRandomness(
                                 isDefender,
                                 remainingLookahead,
                                 maxRepeatCount,
+                                commandIndex,
                                 innerEngine,
                                 attackerStrategy,
                                 innerUtility,
-                                &allCastleCoords,
+                                guessedCommands,
+                                allCastleCoords,
                                 deadline]() -> EvaluationResult {
-            auto lookaheadFuture = PerformLookahead(
-                    pid,
-                    isDefender,
-                    remainingLookahead,
-                    maxRepeatCount,
-                    innerEngine,
-                    innerUtility,
-                    attackerStrategy,
-                    allCastleCoords,
-                    deadline);
-            return lookaheadFuture.get();
+            try {
+                auto lookaheadFuture = PerformLookahead(
+                        pid,
+                        isDefender,
+                        remainingLookahead,
+                        maxRepeatCount,
+                        innerEngine,
+                        innerUtility,
+                        attackerStrategy,
+                        allCastleCoords,
+                        deadline);
+                return lookaheadFuture.get();
+            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                std::ostringstream context;
+                context << "AI EvaluateWithRandomness failed during recursive lookahead"
+                        << " player=" << static_cast<int>(pid) << " command_index=" << commandIndex
+                        << " remaining_lookahead=" << remainingLookahead << ' '
+                        << DescribeCommandAt(guessedCommands, commandIndex);
+                throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+            }
         };
 
         if constexpr (kMultithread) {
@@ -333,7 +428,19 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
 
     for (uint32_t index = 0; index < commandCount; ++index) {
         const auto originalIndex = filteredIndices[index];
-        const auto& guessedDescriptor = guessedDescriptors->at(originalIndex);
+        const CommandSPtr guessedDescriptor = [&] {
+            try {
+                return guessedDescriptors->at(originalIndex);
+            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                std::ostringstream context;
+                context << "AI FindBestCommand failed while reading filtered command"
+                        << " player=" << static_cast<int>(pid) << " filtered_index=" << index
+                        << " original_index=" << originalIndex
+                        << " guessed_command_count=" << guessedDescriptors->size()
+                        << " filtered_command_count=" << filteredIndices.size();
+                throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+            }
+        }();
         const auto guessedCommandType = guessedDescriptor->GetCommandType();
 
         commandEvaluations[index].index = originalIndex;
@@ -351,7 +458,7 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
                     originalIndex,
                     remainingLookahead,
                     maxRepeatCount,
-                    kAverageGenerator,
+                    AverageGenerator(),
                     guessedEngine,
                     attackerStrategy,
                     allCastleCoords,
@@ -365,7 +472,7 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
             const auto successChancePercentile = guessedDescriptor->GetOddsPercentile();
             const double successChance = static_cast<double>(successChancePercentile) / 100.0;
 
-            // Success attempt uses 1.0 - (successChance / 2) as the roll
+            // Success attempt uses the midpoint of the successful percentile range.
             auto successEvaluation = EvaluateWithRandomness(
                     pid,
                     isDefender,
@@ -373,13 +480,13 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
                     remainingLookahead,
                     maxRepeatCount,
                     std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(
-                            std::vector{1.0 - successChance / 2.0}),
+                            std::vector{SuccessSampleForOdds(successChance)}),
                     guessedEngine,
                     attackerStrategy,
                     allCastleCoords,
                     deadline);
 
-            // Failure attempt uses the average of (1 - successChance) and 0 as the roll
+            // Failure attempt uses the midpoint of the failing percentile range.
             auto failureEvaluation = EvaluateWithRandomness(
                     pid,
                     isDefender,
@@ -387,7 +494,7 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
                     remainingLookahead,
                     maxRepeatCount,
                     std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(
-                            std::vector{(1.0 - successChance) / 2.0}),
+                            std::vector{FailureSampleForOdds(successChance)}),
                     guessedEngine,
                     attackerStrategy,
                     allCastleCoords,
@@ -455,7 +562,17 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::FindBestCommand(
                     ScoreValue totalLookaheadScore = 0.0;
                     bool completed = eval.immediateCompleted;
                     for (auto& future : eval.lookaheadFutures) {
-                        const auto lookahead = future.get();
+                        EvaluationResult lookahead;
+                        try {
+                            lookahead = future.get();
+                        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                            std::ostringstream context;
+                            context << "AI FindBestCommand failed while resolving lookahead future"
+                                    << " command_index=" << eval.index
+                                    << " command_type=" << eval.type
+                                    << " lookahead_future_count=" << eval.lookaheadFutures.size();
+                            throw WithExceptionContext(context.str(), e);
+                        }
                         if (!lookahead.completed) { completed = false; }
                         totalLookaheadScore += lookahead.score;
                     }
@@ -522,7 +639,7 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::EvaluateCommand(
                 commandIndex,
                 remainingLookahead,
                 maxRepeatCount,
-                kAverageGenerator,
+                AverageGenerator(),
                 guessedEngine,
                 attackerStrategy,
                 allCastleCoords,
@@ -541,7 +658,8 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::EvaluateCommand(
                 commandIndex,
                 remainingLookahead,
                 maxRepeatCount,
-                std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(std::vector{1.0 - successChance / 2.0}),
+                std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(
+                        std::vector{SuccessSampleForOdds(successChance)}),
                 guessedEngine,
                 attackerStrategy,
                 allCastleCoords,
@@ -554,7 +672,8 @@ auto AICommandEvaluator::EvaluateCommand(
                 commandIndex,
                 remainingLookahead,
                 maxRepeatCount,
-                std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(std::vector{(1.0 - successChance) / 2.0}),
+                std::make_shared<SequenceRandomGenerator>(
+                        std::vector{FailureSampleForOdds(successChance)}),
                 guessedEngine,
                 attackerStrategy,
                 allCastleCoords,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIDistanceDebuf.cpp

@@ -116,8 +116,9 @@ auto DefenderDistanceBuf(
     double sum = 0.0;
     double decr = kPerUnitDebufDecay;
     for (const WithoutAndWith &pointCost : pointCosts) {
-        const int effectiveCost =
-                (pointCost.without == 999) ? int(1.2 * pointCost.with) : pointCost.without;
+        const int effectiveCost = (pointCost.without == 999)
+                                          ? static_cast<int>(1.2 * pointCost.with)
+                                          : pointCost.without;
         sum += decr / (effectiveCost + 1);
         decr *= kPerUnitDebufDecay;
     }

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIFleeDecisionCalculator.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ namespace shardok {
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr double kCertainCombatWinChance = 0.95;
+
 void WritePercent(std::ostream& output, const double value) {
     const auto flags = output.flags();
     const auto precision = output.precision();
@@ -154,8 +156,8 @@ auto AIFleeDecisionCalculator::EvaluateFleeVsFight(
         const CommandListSPtr& availableCommands,
         const CommandList::const_iterator& fleeCommand,
         int maxRounds,
-        int minimumFleeOddsThreshold,
-        int desperateFleeThreshold,
+        int /*minimumFleeOddsThreshold*/,
+        int /*desperateFleeThreshold*/,
         bool enableDebugLogging) -> FleeDecision {
     // Get flee success odds
     const int fleeSuccessChance = (*fleeCommand)->GetOddsPercentile();
@@ -164,67 +166,31 @@ auto AIFleeDecisionCalculator::EvaluateFleeVsFight(
         std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Evaluating flee (odds=" << fleeSuccessChance << "%)...\n";
     }
 
-    // Check if flee odds are good enough to attempt
-    if (fleeSuccessChance >= minimumFleeOddsThreshold) {
-        if (enableDebugLogging) {
-            std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Good flee odds (" << fleeSuccessChance
-                      << "% >= " << minimumFleeOddsThreshold << "%), choosing flee\n";
-        }
-        return FleeDecision{
-                true,
-                GetFleeCommandIndex(fleeCommand, availableCommands),
-                "Good flee odds"};
-    }
-
-    // Low flee odds - evaluate if fighting might be better
     const double combatWinChance = EstimateCombatSuccess(playerId, guessedState, maxRounds);
 
-    // If combat situation is hopeless, even bad flee odds are better than certain death
-    if (combatWinChance <= 0.05 && fleeSuccessChance >= desperateFleeThreshold) {
+    if (combatWinChance < kCertainCombatWinChance) {
         if (enableDebugLogging) {
-            std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Combat hopeless (";
+            std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Combat not certain (";
             WritePercent(std::cout, combatWinChance * 100);
-            std::cout << "%), desperate flee attempt (" << fleeSuccessChance << "%)\n";
+            std::cout << "% < ";
+            WritePercent(std::cout, kCertainCombatWinChance * 100);
+            std::cout << "%), choosing flee\n";
         }
         return FleeDecision{
                 true,
                 GetFleeCommandIndex(fleeCommand, availableCommands),
-                "Combat hopeless, desperate flee"};
+                "Last round combat not certain"};
     }
 
-    // Detailed flee vs fight comparison
-    const double fleeChance = static_cast<double>(fleeSuccessChance) / 100.0;
-
-    // Compare expected outcomes:
-    // - Flee: fleeChance of survival (not victory, but avoiding loss)
-    // - Fight: combatWinChance of victory (better than survival)
-
-    constexpr double FLEE_VS_COMBAT_MARGIN =
-            0.8;  // Require 80% of combat chance to prefer fighting
-    const double adjustedCombatThreshold = combatWinChance * FLEE_VS_COMBAT_MARGIN;
-
     if (enableDebugLogging) {
-        std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Flee=" << fleeSuccessChance << "%, Combat=";
+        std::cout << "AI FinalRound: Combat effectively certain (";
         WritePercent(std::cout, combatWinChance * 100);
-        std::cout << "%, Threshold=";
-        WritePercent(std::cout, adjustedCombatThreshold * 100);
-        std::cout << "% -> ";
-    }
-
-    if (fleeChance > adjustedCombatThreshold) {
-        if (enableDebugLogging) { std::cout << "FLEE (better odds)\n"; }
-        return FleeDecision{
-                true,
-                GetFleeCommandIndex(fleeCommand, availableCommands),
-                "Flee has better expected outcome"};
-    } else {
-        if (enableDebugLogging) { std::cout << "FIGHT (better expected outcome)\n"; }
-        // Return 0 to indicate we should use standard command selection
-        return FleeDecision{
-                false,
-                0,  // Will be replaced by StandardChooseCommandIndex
-                "Fighting has better expected outcome"};
+        std::cout << "%), fighting\n";
     }
+    return FleeDecision{
+            false,
+            0,  // Will be replaced by StandardChooseCommandIndex
+            "Combat effectively certain"};
 }
 
 auto AIFleeDecisionCalculator::ShouldConsiderFleeing(

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIMinimumDistanceAndTarget.cpp

@@ -5,15 +5,34 @@
 #include "AIMinimumDistanceAndTarget.hpp"
 
 namespace shardok {
+namespace {
+
+auto CoordsIndex(const Coords &coords, const int columnCount) -> int {
+    return coords.row() * columnCount + coords.column();
+}
+
+auto CoordsFromIndex(const size_t index, const int columnCount) -> Coords {
+    return Coords(
+            static_cast<int8_t>(index / static_cast<size_t>(columnCount)),
+            static_cast<int8_t>(index % static_cast<size_t>(columnCount)));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 auto MinimumDistanceAndTarget(
         const ActionPointDistances *apd,
         const Coords &origin,
         const CoordsSet &destinations) -> CoordsAndDistance {
     CoordsAndDistance min{Coords(-1, -1), ActionPointDistances::IMPOSSIBLE};
-    for (const auto &dest : destinations) {
-        const DIST_T dist = apd->Distance(origin, dest);
+    const int columnCount = destinations.ColumnCount();
+    const int originIndex = CoordsIndex(origin, columnCount);
+
+    for (const auto destIndex : destinations.indexIterator()) {
+        const DIST_T dist = apd->Distance(originIndex, static_cast<int>(destIndex));
         if (dist == ActionPointDistances::IMPOSSIBLE) continue;
-        if (dist < min.distance) min = CoordsAndDistance{dest, dist};
+        if (dist < min.distance) {
+            min = CoordsAndDistance{CoordsFromIndex(destIndex, columnCount), dist};
+        }
     }
 
     return min;
@@ -25,4 +44,4 @@ auto MinimumDistance(
         const CoordsSet &destinations) -> int {
     return MinimumDistanceAndTarget(apd, origin, destinations).distance;
 }
-}  // namespace shardok
+}  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIScoreUtilities.hpp

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ using Unit = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Unit;
         net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Profession profession) -> bool;
 
 [[nodiscard]] auto CastleClaimCapableAttackerUnitCount(const GameStateW &gameState) -> int;
-[[nodiscard]] auto PlayerInfoForPid(const GameStateW &, PlayerId pid) -> const PlayerInfo *;
+[[nodiscard]] auto PlayerInfoForPid(const GameStateW &gameState, PlayerId pid)
+        -> const PlayerInfo *;
 
 }  // namespace shardok
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIUnitScoreCalculator.cpp

@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ auto ContextFreeUnitValue(const Unit *unit) -> ScoreValue {
             break;
     }
 
-    const double battalionValue = battalionTypeMultiplier * (1.0 + armament / 100.0) *
-                                  (1.0 + training / 100.0) * (0.5 + morale / 100.0) *
+    const double battalionValue = battalionTypeMultiplier * (1.0 + (armament / 100.0)) *
+                                  (1.0 + (training / 100.0)) * (0.5 + (morale / 100.0)) *
                                   unit->battalion().size();
 
     const double heroValue =
@@ -120,15 +120,16 @@ auto archeryValue(const vector<const Unit *> &enemyUnits, const bool canShootNow
 
 auto reduceValue(const Unit *unit, const Terrain *unitTerrain) -> double {
     // TODO: make this depend on value of reducing castle too
-    if (unit->fortified() || unitTerrain->modifier().castle().present())
+    if (unit->fortified() || unitTerrain->modifier().castle().present()) {
         return kReduceFortifiedPossibleValue;
-    else if (AllowsFortification(unitTerrain))
-        return kReduceUnfortifiedPossibleValue;
-    else
-        return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (AllowsFortification(unitTerrain)) { return kReduceUnfortifiedPossibleValue; }
+    return 0.0;
 }
 
-auto fearValue(const vector<const Unit *> &) -> double { return kFearPossibleValue; }
+auto fearValue([[maybe_unused]] const vector<const Unit *> &enemyUnits) -> double {
+    return kFearPossibleValue;
+}
 
 auto lightningValue(const Unit *unit) -> double {
     // TODO: make this depend on the value of the targets
@@ -235,9 +236,8 @@ auto meteorValue(
                     multiplier = kMeteorNoneRoundMultiplier * vigorFactor;
                 }
                 return maxValue * multiplier;
-            } else {
-                return 0.0;
             }
+            return 0.0;
         }
 
         case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::MultiroundMagicState_TARGET:
@@ -247,9 +247,8 @@ auto meteorValue(
                         map,
                         enemyOccupants,
                         friendlyOccupants);
-            } else {
-                return bestTargetValue(unit, map, enemyOccupants, friendlyOccupants, meteorRange);
             }
+            return bestTargetValue(unit, map, enemyOccupants, friendlyOccupants, meteorRange);
         case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::MultiroundMagicState_CAST:
             return kMeteorCastRoundMultiplier *
                    meteorDropRawValue(

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIWaterCrossingCalculator.cpp

@@ -6,9 +6,18 @@
 
 #include "AIMinimumDistanceAndTarget.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/fb_helpers/HexMapHelpers.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/HexMapHasher.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/HexMapUtils.hpp"
 
 namespace shardok {
+namespace {
+
+auto RecomputeModifierHash(HexMap *hexMap) -> MapId {
+    hexMap->mutate_modifier_hash(GetModifierHash(hexMap));
+    return ActionPointDistancesCache::GetMapId(hexMap);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
 
 auto UnitIdsRequiringWaterCrossing(
         const GameStateW &gameState,
@@ -169,6 +178,7 @@ auto WaterCrossingTiles(
         auto *terr = const_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Terrain *>(
                 mapCopy->mutable_terrain()->GetMutableObject(index));
         terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_present(true);
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_integrity(100.0);
         terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_fire().mutate_present(false);
 
         auto hash = ActionPointDistancesCache::GetMapId(mapCopy);
@@ -185,6 +195,50 @@ auto WaterCrossingTiles(
     return returnCoords;
 }
 
+// Returns currently frozen water tiles that can act as an existing crossing from origin to
+// destination. The shared APD cache deliberately ignores ice, so this probes frozen tiles by
+// temporarily treating one as bridged for the water-crossing strategy only.
+auto FrozenWaterCrossingTiles(
+        const Coords &origin,
+        const Coords &destination,
+        const HexMap *hexMap,
+        const APDCache &apdCache,
+        const BattalionTypeSPtr &battalionType) -> CoordsSet {
+    AssertValid(origin, hexMap);
+    AssertValid(destination, hexMap);
+    auto returnCoords = CoordsSet(hexMap);
+
+    fb::HexMapW mapCopy = fb::CopyHexMap(hexMap);
+    const int mapSize = hexMap->row_count() * hexMap->column_count();
+
+    for (int index = 0; index < mapSize; ++index) {
+        const auto startTerrain = *hexMap->terrain()->Get(index);
+
+        if (!IsWater(startTerrain.type())) continue;
+
+        const auto modifier = startTerrain.modifier();
+        if (!modifier.ice().present() || modifier.fire().present()) continue;
+
+        auto *terr = const_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Terrain *>(
+                mapCopy->mutable_terrain()->GetMutableObject(index));
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_present(true);
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_integrity(100.0);
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_fire().mutate_present(false);
+
+        const MapId mapId = RecomputeModifierHash(mapCopy.Get());
+
+        if (const auto *distances = apdCache->GetRaw(mapCopy, mapId, battalionType, false);
+            distances->Distance(origin, destination) != ActionPointDistances::IMPOSSIBLE) {
+            returnCoords.Add(index / hexMap->column_count(), index % hexMap->column_count());
+        }
+
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_present(false);
+        terr->mutable_modifier().mutable_bridge().mutate_integrity(0.0);
+    }
+
+    return returnCoords;
+}
+
 // Returns the set of tiles that the attacker should try to approach in order to bridge/freeze
 auto IntendedCrossingStarts(
         const GameStateW &gameState,
@@ -213,7 +267,6 @@ auto IntendedCrossingStarts(
 using Unit = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Unit;
 
 constexpr double kNoRequiredCrossingScore = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
-constexpr double kNoCrossingCreatorsScore = std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
 
 auto WaterCrossingScore(
         const PlayerId playerId,
@@ -256,12 +309,26 @@ auto WaterCrossingScore(
 
     const auto unitIdsCreatingCrossing =
             UnitIdsToCreateWaterCrossing(gameState, playerId, battalionTypeGetter);
-    if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) return kNoCrossingCreatorsScore;
 
     double totalScore = 0;
 
     const auto mapId = ActionPointDistancesCache::GetMapId(gameState->hex_map());
 
+    if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) {
+        for (const UnitId uid : unitIdsRequiringCrossing) {
+            const Unit *unit = gameState->units()->Get(uid);
+            const auto &battalionType = battalionTypeGetter(unit->battalion().type());
+            const Coords location = unit->location();
+            const auto *apd = apdCache->GetRaw(gameState->hex_map(), mapId, battalionType, false);
+
+            const int thisDistance =
+                    location.row() < 0 ? 1000 : MinimumDistance(apd, location, startCrossingFrom);
+            totalScore -= thisDistance;
+        }
+
+        return totalScore;
+    }
+
     // First put a big penalty on the distance for units that can create a crossing
     for (const UnitId uid : unitIdsCreatingCrossing) {
         const Unit *unit = gameState->units()->Get(uid);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIWaterCrossingCalculator.hpp

@@ -68,6 +68,15 @@ static inline void AssertValid(const Coords& c, const HexMap* hexMap) {
         const APDCache& apdCache,
         const BattalionTypeSPtr& battalionType) -> CoordsSet;
 
+// Returns currently frozen water tiles that can act as an existing crossing from origin to
+// destination.
+[[nodiscard]] auto FrozenWaterCrossingTiles(
+        const Coords& origin,
+        const Coords& destination,
+        const HexMap* hexMap,
+        const APDCache& apdCache,
+        const BattalionTypeSPtr& battalionType) -> CoordsSet;
+
 // Returns the set of tiles that the attacker should try to approach in order to bridge/freeze
 [[nodiscard]] auto IntendedCrossingStarts(
         const GameStateW& gameState,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIWaterCrossingCommandChooser.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ namespace shardok {
 using Unit = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Unit;
 
 constexpr ScoreValue kNoRequiredCrossingScore = std::numeric_limits<ScoreValue>::max();
-constexpr ScoreValue kNoCrossingCreatorsScore = std::numeric_limits<ScoreValue>::min();
 
 [[nodiscard]] auto AIWaterCrossingCommandChooser::WaterCrossingScore(
         const BattalionTypeGetter &battalionTypeGetter,
@@ -56,12 +55,26 @@ constexpr ScoreValue kNoCrossingCreatorsScore = std::numeric_limits<ScoreValue>:
 
     const auto unitIdsCreatingCrossing =
             UnitIdsToCreateWaterCrossing(gameState, playerId, battalionTypeGetter);
-    if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) return kNoCrossingCreatorsScore;
 
     ScoreValue totalScore = 0;
 
     const auto mapId = ActionPointDistancesCache::GetMapId(gameState->hex_map());
 
+    if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) {
+        for (const UnitId uid : unitIdsRequiringCrossing) {
+            const Unit *unit = gameState->units()->Get(uid);
+            const auto &battalionType = battalionTypeGetter(unit->battalion().type());
+            const Coords location = unit->location();
+            const auto *apd = apdCache->GetRaw(gameState->hex_map(), mapId, battalionType, false);
+
+            const int thisDistance =
+                    location.row() < 0 ? 1000 : MinimumDistance(apd, location, startCrossingFrom);
+            totalScore -= thisDistance;
+        }
+
+        return totalScore;
+    }
+
     // First put a big penalty on the distance for units that can create a crossing
     for (const UnitId uid : unitIdsCreatingCrossing) {
         const Unit *unit = gameState->units()->Get(uid);
@@ -157,7 +170,6 @@ auto AIWaterCrossingCommandChooser::StartCrossingFrom(
 
     const auto unitIdsCreatingCrossing =
             UnitIdsToCreateWaterCrossing(gameState, playerId, battalionTypeGetter);
-    if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) return startCrossingFrom;
 
     for (const UnitId uid : unitIdsRequiringCrossing) {
         const Unit *unit = gameState->units()->Get(uid);
@@ -177,6 +189,17 @@ auto AIWaterCrossingCommandChooser::StartCrossingFrom(
             Coords destination = *destinations.begin();
             AssertValid(destination, gameState->hex_map());
 
+            auto frozenWaterCrossingTiles = FrozenWaterCrossingTiles(
+                    origin,
+                    destination,
+                    gameState->hex_map(),
+                    apdCache,
+                    battalionType);
+            startCrossingFrom +=
+                    CrossingStartLocations(gameState->hex_map(), frozenWaterCrossingTiles);
+
+            if (unitIdsCreatingCrossing.empty()) continue;
+
             auto waterCrossingTiles = WaterCrossingTiles(
                     origin,
                     destination,
@@ -192,4 +215,4 @@ auto AIWaterCrossingCommandChooser::StartCrossingFrom(
     return startCrossingFrom;
 }
 
-}  // namespace shardok
+}  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/ShardokAIClient.cpp

@@ -19,8 +19,11 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #endif
 
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
@@ -465,8 +468,10 @@ auto ShardokAIClient::ChooseCommandIndex(
         const GameSettingsSPtr &settings,
         const GameStateView &gsv,
         const CommandListSPtr &realAvailableCommands) const -> CommandChoiceResults {
-    static int typeChosenCount[net::eagle0::shardok::common::CommandType_MAX + 1];
-    static int totalChoices = 0;
+    static std::array<std::atomic<int>, net::eagle0::shardok::common::CommandType_MAX + 1>
+            typeChosenCount;
+    static std::atomic<int> totalChoices = 0;
+    static std::mutex reportMutex;
 
     CommandChoiceResults results{};
 
@@ -484,15 +489,18 @@ auto ShardokAIClient::ChooseCommandIndex(
     }
 
     const auto chosenType = (*realAvailableCommands)[results.chosenIndex]->GetCommandType();
-    typeChosenCount[static_cast<int>(chosenType)]++;
-    totalChoices++;
+    typeChosenCount[static_cast<size_t>(chosenType)].fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    const int updatedTotal = totalChoices.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1;
 
-    if (totalChoices % 1000 == 0) {
+    if (updatedTotal % 1000 == 0) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(reportMutex);
         std::cout << "TYPES CHOSEN:\n";
         vector<std::pair<int, CommandType>> choices{};
         for (int i = 0; i <= net::eagle0::shardok::common::CommandType_MAX; ++i) {
-            if (typeChosenCount[i] != 0) {
-                choices.emplace_back(typeChosenCount[i], static_cast<CommandType>(i));
+            if (const int count =
+                        typeChosenCount[static_cast<size_t>(i)].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                count != 0) {
+                choices.emplace_back(count, static_cast<CommandType>(i));
             }
         }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/TranspositionTable.cpp

@@ -38,8 +38,10 @@ TranspositionTable::probe(const GameStateW& state, int depth, PlayerId player) {
     uint64_t stored_hash = entry.hash_full.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
     uint8_t stored_depth = entry.depth.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
     uint8_t stored_player = entry.player_id.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    uint16_t stored_age = entry.age.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
-    if (stored_hash == hash && stored_depth >= depth && stored_player == player) {
+    if (stored_hash == hash && stored_depth >= depth && stored_player == player &&
+        stored_age == current_age.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
         stats.hits++;
         float score = entry.score.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
         return static_cast<ScoreValue>(score);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokAction.hpp

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] PlayerId getPlayer() const { return player_; }
     [[nodiscard]] int getActorId() const { return actorId_; }
     [[nodiscard]] std::pair<int, int> getTarget() const { return {targetRow_, targetCol_}; }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool hasOdds() const { return hasOdds_; }
 
 private:
     // Store only essential fields (~25 bytes, all POD, cache-friendly)

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokGameEngine.cpp

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <numeric>
 
 #include "ShardokAction.hpp"
@@ -32,9 +34,30 @@ auto IsDefenderPlayer(const GameStateW& gameState, const PlayerId playerId) -> b
     return false;
 }
 
-auto LegalActionsCacheKey(const uint64_t stateHash, const bool rootIsDefender) -> uint64_t {
+auto MixCacheKey(uint64_t seed, const uint64_t value) -> uint64_t {
+    constexpr uint64_t kHashCombineConstant = 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL;
+    seed ^= value + kHashCombineConstant + (seed << 6) + (seed >> 2);
+    return seed;
+}
+
+auto PointerIdentityHash(const void* ptr) -> uint64_t {
+    return static_cast<uint64_t>(reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr));
+}
+
+auto LegalActionsCacheKey(
+        const uint64_t stateHash,
+        const bool rootIsDefender,
+        const GameSettings* gameSettings,
+        const APDCache* apdCache) -> uint64_t {
     constexpr uint64_t kDefenderRoleHash = 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL;
-    return rootIsDefender ? stateHash ^ kDefenderRoleHash : stateHash;
+    uint64_t key = rootIsDefender ? stateHash ^ kDefenderRoleHash : stateHash;
+
+    // The cached action set is the output of AICommandFilter, not just the raw command list.
+    // Include the context objects that can affect filtering so a process-wide cache entry from
+    // one search cannot be reused by a different settings/APD context with the same state hash.
+    key = MixCacheKey(key, PointerIdentityHash(gameSettings));
+    key = MixCacheKey(key, PointerIdentityHash(apdCache != nullptr ? apdCache->get() : nullptr));
+    return key;
 }
 
 auto SortActionsByWeight(
@@ -72,6 +95,10 @@ std::atomic<uint64_t> ShardokGameEngine::cacheMisses_{0};
 std::atomic<uint64_t> ShardokGameEngine::timeInHashComputation_{0};
 std::atomic<uint64_t> ShardokGameEngine::timeInLegalActionsComputation_{0};
 
+namespace {
+std::once_flag legalActionsCacheReserveOnce;
+}  // namespace
+
 ShardokGameEngine::ShardokGameEngine(
         [[maybe_unused]] const ShardokEngine* engine,
         const AIScoreCalculator* scoreCalculator,
@@ -92,7 +119,9 @@ ShardokGameEngine::ShardokGameEngine(
       criticalTileCoords_(criticalTileCoords) {
     // Thread-local cache is automatically initialized per thread
     // Reserve space to reduce rehashing (based on profiling: ~30-50K unique states per search)
-    legalActionsCache_.reserve(100000);
+    std::call_once(legalActionsCacheReserveOnce, [] {
+        ShardokGameEngine::legalActionsCache_.reserve(100000);
+    });
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<MCTSGameState> ShardokGameEngine::applyAction(
@@ -106,27 +135,15 @@ std::unique_ptr<MCTSGameState> ShardokGameEngine::applyAction(
 
     const auto currentPlayer = static_cast<PlayerId>(state.currentPlayerId());
 
-    // Use cached engine if available (avoids recomputing GetAvailableCommands for same state)
-    std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine;
-    if (auto cachedEngine = shardokState->getCachedEngine()) {
-        // Clone the cached engine to preserve command cache
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(*cachedEngine);
-    } else {
-        // Create fresh engine and populate command cache
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
-                gameSettings_,
-                shardokState->getShardokState(),
-                criticalTileCoords_,
-                0,
-                false);
-        // Populate command cache (result intentionally unused, just populating cache)
-        [[maybe_unused]] const auto commands =
-                engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
-        // Cache the engine for future use with this state
-        shardokState->setCachedEngine(engine);
-        // Clone it for applying the action (don't mutate the cached engine)
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(*engine);
-    }
+    auto engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
+            gameSettings_,
+            shardokState->getShardokState(),
+            criticalTileCoords_,
+            0,
+            false);
+    // Populate the AI command list before posting so the MCTS action index maps to the
+    // no-follow-up command ordering used by getLegalActions().
+    [[maybe_unused]] const auto commands = engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
 
     // Create deterministic random generator if a specific roll is requested
     // deterministicRoll of -1.0 (default) means use random generator
@@ -187,11 +204,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<MCTSGameState> ShardokGameEngine::applyAction(
             *alCache_,
             criticalTileCoords_);
 
-    // Cache the engine on the new state so score() can use it for END_TURN normalization
-    // The engine's command list may be stale after the action was applied, but that's OK -
-    // we'll refresh it when we call GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer() in score()
-    newState->setCachedEngine(engine);
-
     // Don't pre-compute hash - let it be computed lazily on first use
     // Many states (especially in simulation) never need their hash computed
     return newState;
@@ -211,28 +223,18 @@ void ShardokGameEngine::applyActionMutable(
 
     const auto currentPlayer = static_cast<PlayerId>(state->currentPlayerId());
 
-    // Use cached engine if available
-    std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine;
-    if (auto cachedEngine = shardokState->getCachedEngine()) {
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(*cachedEngine);
-    } else {
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
-                gameSettings_,
-                shardokState->getShardokState(),
-                criticalTileCoords_,
-                0,
-                false);
-        // Populate command cache (result intentionally unused, just populating cache)
-        [[maybe_unused]] const auto commands =
-                engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
-        shardokState->setCachedEngine(engine);
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(*engine);
-    }
+    auto engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
+            gameSettings_,
+            shardokState->getShardokState(),
+            criticalTileCoords_,
+            0,
+            false);
+    // Populate the AI command list before posting so the MCTS action index maps to the
+    // no-follow-up command ordering used by getLegalActions().
+    [[maybe_unused]] const auto commands = engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
 
     engine->PostCommand(currentPlayer, shardokAction->getIndex(), nullptr);
     shardokState->getMutableShardokState() = engine->GetCurrentGameState();
-    // Clear the cached engine and hash since the state has been mutated
-    shardokState->setCachedEngine(nullptr);
     shardokState->invalidateHashCache();
 }
 
@@ -258,7 +260,8 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> ShardokGameEngine::getLegalActions(
     // Time hash computation
     const auto hashStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
     const uint64_t stateHash = shardokState->hash();
-    const uint64_t cacheKey = LegalActionsCacheKey(stateHash, isDefender_);
+    const uint64_t cacheKey =
+            LegalActionsCacheKey(stateHash, isDefender_, gameSettings_.get(), apdCache_);
     const auto hashEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
     timeInHashComputation_.fetch_add(
             std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(hashEnd - hashStart).count(),
@@ -266,40 +269,49 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> ShardokGameEngine::getLegalActions(
 
     // Check transposition table for cached legal actions
     if (auto it = legalActionsCache_.find(cacheKey); it != legalActionsCache_.end()) {
-        cacheHits_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        const auto engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
+                gameSettings_,
+                shardokState->getShardokState(),
+                criticalTileCoords_);
 
-        // Use cached engine
-        shardokState->setCachedEngine(it->second.engine);
+        const CommandListSPtr commands = engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
 
-        // Get commands from the cached engine (Engine already caches these internally)
-        const CommandListSPtr commands =
-                it->second.engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
-
-        if (!commands || commands->empty()) { return {}; }
-
-        // Convert to MCTSActions using stored filtered indices
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> actions;
-        actions.reserve(it->second.filteredIndices.size());
-
-        for (const size_t origIdx : it->second.filteredIndices) {
-            if (origIdx < commands->size()) {
-                const auto& cmd = commands->at(origIdx);
-
-                // Extract essential fields directly from command (no proto conversion!)
-                actions.push_back(std::make_unique<ShardokAction>(
-                        origIdx,
-                        cmd->GetCommandType(),
-                        cmd->GetPlayerId(),
-                        cmd->GetActorUnitId(),
-                        cmd->GetTargetRow(),
-                        cmd->GetTargetColumn(),
-                        cmd->HasOdds()));
+        bool cacheEntryMatches = commands != nullptr && commands->size() == it->second.commandCount;
+        for (const auto& cachedAction : it->second.actions) {
+            const size_t commandIndex = cachedAction.getIndex();
+            if (!cacheEntryMatches || commandIndex >= commands->size()) {
+                cacheEntryMatches = false;
+                break;
             }
+
+            const auto& command = commands->at(commandIndex);
+            const auto [targetRow, targetColumn] = cachedAction.getTarget();
+            cacheEntryMatches = command->GetCommandType() ==
+                                        static_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::common::CommandType>(
+                                                cachedAction.getType()) &&
+                                command->GetPlayerId() == cachedAction.getPlayer() &&
+                                command->GetActorUnitId() == cachedAction.getActorId() &&
+                                command->GetTargetRow() == targetRow &&
+                                command->GetTargetColumn() == targetColumn &&
+                                command->HasOdds() == cachedAction.hasOdds();
+            if (!cacheEntryMatches) { break; }
         }
 
-        // Sort actions by weight (descending) to ensure MCTS explores high-value actions first
-        const std::vector<double> weights = getActionWeights(actions, state);
-        return SortActionsByWeight(std::move(actions), weights);
+        if (cacheEntryMatches) {
+            cacheHits_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+            // Convert immutable cached action snapshots to MCTS action instances.
+            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> actions;
+            actions.reserve(it->second.actions.size());
+
+            for (const auto& cachedAction : it->second.actions) {
+                actions.push_back(cachedAction.clone());
+            }
+
+            // Sort actions by weight (descending) to ensure MCTS explores high-value actions first
+            const std::vector<double> weights = getActionWeights(actions, state);
+            return SortActionsByWeight(std::move(actions), weights);
+        }
     }
 
     cacheMisses_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -307,17 +319,10 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> ShardokGameEngine::getLegalActions(
     // Time legal actions computation
     const auto actionsStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 
-    // Use cached engine if available, otherwise create and cache it
-    std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine;
-    if (auto cachedEngine = shardokState->getCachedEngine()) {
-        engine = cachedEngine;
-    } else {
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
-                gameSettings_,
-                shardokState->getShardokState(),
-                criticalTileCoords_);
-        shardokState->setCachedEngine(engine);
-    }
+    const auto engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
+            gameSettings_,
+            shardokState->getShardokState(),
+            criticalTileCoords_);
 
     const CommandListSPtr commands = engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
 
@@ -338,20 +343,24 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> ShardokGameEngine::getLegalActions(
     // Convert only filtered commands to MCTSActions
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> actions;
     actions.reserve(filteredIndices.size());
+    std::vector<ShardokAction> cachedActions;
+    cachedActions.reserve(filteredIndices.size());
 
     for (const size_t idx : filteredIndices) {
         if (idx < commands->size()) {
             const auto& cmd = commands->at(idx);
 
             // Extract essential fields directly from command (no proto conversion!)
-            actions.push_back(std::make_unique<ShardokAction>(
+            ShardokAction action(
                     idx,
                     cmd->GetCommandType(),
                     cmd->GetPlayerId(),
                     cmd->GetActorUnitId(),
                     cmd->GetTargetRow(),
                     cmd->GetTargetColumn(),
-                    cmd->HasOdds()));
+                    cmd->HasOdds());
+            actions.push_back(action.clone());
+            cachedActions.push_back(action);
         }
     }
 
@@ -368,20 +377,20 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MCTSAction>> ShardokGameEngine::getLegalActions(
                     .count(),
             std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
-    // Store in transposition table for future lookups
-    // Note: We only store filtered indices and the engine (which caches commands internally)
-    // This avoids duplicating heavy protocol buffer objects
+    // Store immutable action snapshots in the transposition table for future lookups.
+    // Do not store ShardokEngine here: its command cache is mutable and not safe to share
+    // across MCTS worker threads.
     // Use lazy_emplace_l to ensure thread-safe insertion (locks the bucket during construction)
     legalActionsCache_.lazy_emplace_l(
             cacheKey,
             [&](typename decltype(legalActionsCache_)::value_type& v) {
                 // Update existing entry
-                v.second.filteredIndices = filteredIndices;
-                v.second.engine = engine;
+                v.second.commandCount = commands->size();
+                v.second.actions = cachedActions;
             },
             [&](const typename decltype(legalActionsCache_)::constructor& ctor) {
                 // Create new entry
-                ctor(cacheKey, LegalActionsCache{filteredIndices, engine});
+                ctor(cacheKey, LegalActionsCache{commands->size(), cachedActions});
             });
 
     return actions;
@@ -414,15 +423,7 @@ std::vector<double> ShardokGameEngine::getActionWeights(
                 "indicates a type mismatch in the MCTS adapter layer");
     }
 
-    // Get cached engine and command list for looking up command protos
-    auto cachedEngine = shardokState->getCachedEngine();
-    if (!cachedEngine) {
-        throw MCTSInternalError(
-                "ShardokGameEngine::getActionWeights called with state that has no cached engine");
-    }
-
     const auto currentPlayer = static_cast<PlayerId>(state.currentPlayerId());
-    const CommandListSPtr commands = cachedEngine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
 
     // Determine if current player is defender (not root player!)
     // During simulation we need to use the correct perspective for action weighting
@@ -441,20 +442,13 @@ std::vector<double> ShardokGameEngine::getActionWeights(
                     "indicates a type mismatch in the MCTS adapter layer");
         }
 
-        // Look up command proto from cached engine using action's index
-        const size_t cmdIndex = shardokAction->getIndex();
-        if (cmdIndex >= commands->size()) {
-            throw MCTSInternalError(
-                    "ShardokGameEngine::getActionWeights: action index out of bounds");
-        }
-
-        const auto& cmd = commands->at(cmdIndex);
+        const auto [targetRow, targetColumn] = shardokAction->getTarget();
 
         weights.push_back(AIHeuristicWeighting::GetCommandWeight(
-                cmd->GetCommandType(),
-                cmd->GetActorUnitId(),
-                cmd->GetPlayerId(),
-                Coords{cmd->GetTargetRow(), cmd->GetTargetColumn()},
+                static_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::common::CommandType>(shardokAction->getType()),
+                shardokAction->getActorId(),
+                shardokAction->getPlayer(),
+                Coords{static_cast<int8_t>(targetRow), static_cast<int8_t>(targetColumn)},
                 gameState,
                 castleCoords_,
                 apdCache_,
@@ -488,7 +482,7 @@ bool ShardokGameEngine::shouldStopSearch(
 size_t ShardokGameEngine::mapFilteredIndexToOriginal(
         size_t filteredIndex,
         const MCTSGameState& state) const {
-    // Get the filtered actions (uses cached engine)
+    // Get the filtered actions.
     auto actions = getLegalActions(state, state.currentPlayerId(), 0, 0);
 
     // Check bounds
@@ -590,22 +584,12 @@ ChanceOutcomeInfo ShardokGameEngine::getBinaryOutcomeInfo(
 
     const auto currentPlayer = static_cast<PlayerId>(state.currentPlayerId());
 
-    // Get or create the engine for this state
-    std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine;
-    if (auto cachedEngine = shardokState->getCachedEngine()) {
-        engine = cachedEngine;
-    } else {
-        engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
-                gameSettings_,
-                shardokState->getShardokState(),
-                criticalTileCoords_,
-                0,
-                false);
-        // Populate command cache
-        [[maybe_unused]] const auto commands =
-                engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);
-        shardokState->setCachedEngine(engine);
-    }
+    const auto engine = std::make_shared<ShardokEngine>(
+            gameSettings_,
+            shardokState->getShardokState(),
+            criticalTileCoords_,
+            0,
+            false);
 
     // Get command descriptors
     const auto descriptors = engine->GetAvailableCommandsForAIPlayer(currentPlayer);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokGameEngine.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/mcts/abstract/MCTSGameEngine.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIAttackLocations.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIStrategy.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokAction.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ShardokEngine.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_point_distances/ActionPointDistancesCache.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/CoordsSet.hpp"
@@ -99,11 +100,12 @@ public:
     void resetCacheStatistics();
 
 private:
-    // Transposition table entry for caching legal actions
-    // Note: We don't store command protos since the Engine already caches them
+    // Transposition table entry for caching legal actions.
+    // Store immutable action snapshots only; ShardokEngine owns mutable command caches and
+    // must remain per-state/per-thread.
     struct LegalActionsCache {
-        std::vector<size_t> filteredIndices;
-        std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine;  // Engine with populated command cache
+        size_t commandCount;
+        std::vector<ShardokAction> actions;
     };
 
     const AIScoreCalculator* scoreCalculator_;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokGameState.cpp

@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<MCTSGameState> ShardokGameState::clone() const {
             apdCache_,
             alCache_,
             criticalTileCoords_);
-    // Don't copy the cached engine - each state needs its own
     return cloned;
 }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/mcts/adapters/ShardokGameState.hpp

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/mcts/abstract/MCTSGameState.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/AIStrategy.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/GameStateW.hpp"
-#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ShardokEngine.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_point_distances/ActionPointDistancesCache.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/CoordsSet.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/settings/GameSettings.hpp"
@@ -52,10 +51,6 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] const GameSettings* getSettings() const { return settings_; }
     [[nodiscard]] const CoordsSet& getCriticalTileCoords() const { return criticalTileCoords_; }
 
-    // Engine caching for performance (avoids recomputing available commands)
-    void setCachedEngine(std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> engine) const { cachedEngine_ = engine; }
-    [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> getCachedEngine() const { return cachedEngine_; }
-
     // Invalidate hash cache when state is mutated
     void invalidateHashCache() const {
         hashCached_ = false;
@@ -74,7 +69,6 @@ private:
     mutable uint64_t cachedHash_ = 0;
     mutable bool hashCached_ = false;
     const CoordsSet criticalTileCoords_;  // Own the data to avoid dangling references
-    mutable std::shared_ptr<ShardokEngine> cachedEngine_;  // Engine with cached available commands
 };
 
 }  // namespace mcts

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai/score/AIVictoryConditionScoreCalculator.cpp

@@ -133,8 +133,7 @@ auto DefenderHoldsCriticalTilesVictoryScore(
     const auto cc = gameState->hex_map()->column_count();
     const auto occupants = Occupants(*gameState->units(), rc, cc);
 
-    for (const Coords& criticalTileLocation : criticalTileLocations) {
-        const auto index = criticalTileLocation.row() * cc + criticalTileLocation.column();
+    for (const auto index : criticalTileLocations.indexIterator()) {
         const auto& occupant = occupants[index];
 
         if (occupant && occupant->battalion().type() !=

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai_performance_runner/PerformanceTestGameStateBuilder.hpp

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public:
      * Initialize game settings from the default configuration files.
      * Must be called before creating game states.
      */
-    static auto InitializeGameSettings() -> GameSettingsSPtr;
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto InitializeGameSettings() -> GameSettingsSPtr;
 
     /**
      * Create the standard "Perf" test configuration:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public:
      * @param defenderToggle If true, AI is defender; if false, AI is attacker
      * @return A GameStateW with the configured battle
      */
-    static auto CreatePerfTestGameState(
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto CreatePerfTestGameState(
             const GameSettingsSPtr& settings,
             bool defenderToggle = false) -> GameStateW;
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public:
      * @param defenderToggle If true, AI is defender; if false, AI is attacker
      * @return A GameStateW with the configured battle
      */
-    static auto CreateCustomTestGameState(
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto CreateCustomTestGameState(
             const GameSettingsSPtr& settings,
             const std::string& mapName,
             int aiUnitCount,
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ public:
 
 private:
     // Helper functions for building game state components
-    static auto
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto
     AddPlayerInfo(flatbuffers::FlatBufferBuilder& fbb, int playerId, bool isDefender, int food)
             -> flatbuffers::Offset<net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::PlayerInfo>;
 
-    static auto AddGenericUnit(
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto AddGenericUnit(
             PlayerId playerId,
             UnitId unitId,
             const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Coords& location,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai_testing_common/AIClientFactory.hpp

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public:
      * @param mctsConfig MCTS settings, used only when algorithmType is MCTS
      * @return Unique pointer to created ShardokAIClient
      */
-    static auto Create(
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto Create(
             PlayerId playerId,
             bool isDefender,
             const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::HexMap* hexMap,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/ai_testing_common/GameSettingsFactory.hpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public:
      *
      * @return Shared pointer to initialized GameSettings
      */
-    static auto CreateDefault() -> GameSettingsSPtr;
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto CreateDefault() -> GameSettingsSPtr;
 };
 
 }  // namespace shardok::ai_testing_common

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/controller/ShardokGameController.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <ranges>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 
@@ -27,6 +28,77 @@ using net::eagle0::common::ScopedShardokLatencyTrace;
 
 using net::eagle0::shardok::common::GameStatus;
 
+namespace {
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto DescribeCommandForLog(const CommandSPtr &command) -> std::string {
+    if (!command) { return "<null command>"; }
+
+    std::ostringstream out;
+    out << "type=" << command->GetCommandType()
+        << " player=" << static_cast<int>(command->GetPlayerId())
+        << " actor=" << command->GetActorUnitId() << " target=("
+        << static_cast<int>(command->GetTargetRow()) << ','
+        << static_cast<int>(command->GetTargetColumn()) << ')';
+
+    if (command->HasOdds()) { out << " odds_percentile=" << command->GetOddsPercentile(); }
+
+    try {
+        out << " proto={" << command->GetCommandProto().ShortDebugString() << '}';
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) { out << " proto_error={" << e.what() << '}'; }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto DescribeCommandsForLog(const CommandList &commands) -> std::string {
+    std::ostringstream out;
+    out << "available_command_count=" << commands.size();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < commands.size(); ++i) {
+        out << "\n  [" << i << "] " << DescribeCommandForLog(commands[i]);
+    }
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto DescribeCurrentStateForLog(const ShardokEngine &engine) -> std::string {
+    const auto *state = engine.GetCurrentGameState().Get();
+    if (state == nullptr) { return "state=<null>"; }
+
+    const auto vectorSize = [](const auto *vector) -> size_t {
+        return vector == nullptr ? 0 : vector->size();
+    };
+
+    std::ostringstream out;
+    out << "state={round=" << static_cast<int>(state->current_round())
+        << " current_player=" << static_cast<int>(state->current_player())
+        << " history_count=" << engine.GetUnfilteredHistoryCount();
+
+    if (const auto *status = state->status(); status != nullptr) {
+        out << " status=" << static_cast<int>(status->state()) << " end_condition=";
+        if (const auto *endCondition = status->end_game_condition(); endCondition != nullptr) {
+            out << "{type=" << static_cast<int>(endCondition->victory_type())
+                << " victory_details=" << static_cast<int>(endCondition->victory_details())
+                << " draw_details=" << static_cast<int>(endCondition->draw_details()) << '}';
+        } else {
+            out << "<null>";
+        }
+    } else {
+        out << " status=<null>";
+    }
+
+    out << " units=" << vectorSize(state->units())
+        << " player_infos=" << vectorSize(state->player_infos());
+
+    if (const auto *hexMap = state->hex_map(); hexMap != nullptr) {
+        out << " map=" << hexMap->row_count() << 'x' << hexMap->column_count();
+    } else {
+        out << " map=<null>";
+    }
+
+    out << '}';
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 class InvalidTokenException : public std::exception {};
 
 class MismatchedPlayerIdException : public std::exception {
@@ -154,6 +226,8 @@ void ShardokGameController::DoAIThread() {
             continue;
         }
 
+        std::string aiPhase = "choosing command";
+        int64_t chosenIndex = -1;
         try {
             // Phase 2: AI thinks (NO LOCK - this is the slow part)
             auto results = [&] {
@@ -165,6 +239,7 @@ void ShardokGameController::DoAIThread() {
                          {"available_command_count", std::to_string(availableCommands->size())}});
                 return aiClient->ChooseCommandIndex(settings, gsv, availableCommands);
             }();
+            chosenIndex = results.chosenIndex;
 
             // Phase 3: Post the command (brief lock)
             {
@@ -183,6 +258,7 @@ void ShardokGameController::DoAIThread() {
                 }
 
                 {
+                    aiPhase = "posting chosen command";
                     ScopedShardokLatencyTrace trace(
                             "ai_engine_post_command",
                             cachedGameId,
@@ -193,6 +269,7 @@ void ShardokGameController::DoAIThread() {
                 }
                 LockedNotifyClients();
                 {
+                    aiPhase = "posting forced follow-up commands";
                     ScopedShardokLatencyTrace trace(
                             "ai_engine_post_forced_commands",
                             cachedGameId,
@@ -204,16 +281,32 @@ void ShardokGameController::DoAIThread() {
                 aiThreadKeepGoing = !engine->GameIsOver();
             }
         } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+            std::ostringstream error;
+            error << "AI error in game " << cachedGameId << ", player " << playerId << ", round "
+                  << gsv.current_round() << ": " << e.what();
+
+            std::ostringstream context;
+            context << "AI failure context: phase=" << aiPhase
+                    << ", expected_history_count=" << expectedHistoryCount
+                    << ", current_history_count=" << engine->GetUnfilteredHistoryCount()
+                    << ", chosen_index=" << chosenIndex
+                    << ", current_player=" << static_cast<int>(engine->GetCurrentPlayerId()) << ", "
+                    << DescribeCurrentStateForLog(*engine);
+
+            const std::string commandsContext = availableCommands
+                                                        ? DescribeCommandsForLog(*availableCommands)
+                                                        : "available_command_count=<cleared>";
+
             std::cerr << "AI thread exception in game " << cachedGameId << ", player " << playerId
                       << ", round " << gsv.current_round() << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
+            std::cerr << context.str() << '\n';
+            std::cerr << commandsContext << '\n';
 
             void *backtraceArray[20];
             const int backtraceSize = backtrace(backtraceArray, 20);
             backtrace_symbols_fd(backtraceArray, backtraceSize, STDERR_FILENO);
 
-            aiThreadErrorMessage = "AI error in game " + cachedGameId + ", player " +
-                                   std::to_string(playerId) + ", round " +
-                                   std::to_string(gsv.current_round()) + ": " + e.what();
+            aiThreadErrorMessage = error.str() + "\n" + context.str() + "\n" + commandsContext;
             aiThreadFailed.store(true);
             updateCondition.notify_all();
             break;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/BattalionType.hpp

@@ -189,7 +189,8 @@ struct BattalionType {
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto GetCostToEnterTerrain(const TerrainProto &terrain) const -> ActionCost {
-        if (HasBridge(terrain.modifier())) {
+        if (HasBridge(terrain.modifier()) && terrain.modifier().bridge().has_integrity() &&
+            terrain.modifier().bridge().integrity().value() > 0.0) {
             return {ActionCost::standard,
                     ActionPoints(std::ceil(
                             100.0 * minimumCostToEnterBridge /
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ struct BattalionType {
     [[nodiscard]] auto GetCostToEnterTerrain(
             const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Terrain_::Type terrainType,
             const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::TileModifier &tm) const -> ActionCost {
-        if (tm.bridge().present()) {
+        if (tm.bridge().present() && tm.bridge().integrity() > 0.0) {
             return {ActionCost::standard,
                     ActionPoints(
                             std::ceil(100.0 * minimumCostToEnterBridge / tm.bridge().integrity()))};

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/PercentileRollOdds.hpp

@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ namespace shardok {
 using PercentileRollOdds = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::Odds;
 using OtherFactor = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::Odds_OtherFactor;
 
-double BonusFromStat(double stat);
+[[nodiscard]] double BonusFromStat(double stat);
 
-int16_t AverageBonusFromStats(const std::vector<double> &stats);
+[[nodiscard]] int16_t AverageBonusFromStats(const std::vector<double> &stats);
 
-OtherFactor MakeOtherFactor(int value, const std::string &id);
+[[nodiscard]] OtherFactor MakeOtherFactor(int value, const std::string &id);
 
-PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
+[[nodiscard]] PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
         int base = 0,
         int terr = 0,
         int weath = 0,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
         int statF = 0,
         std::span<const OtherFactor> others = {});
 
-PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
+[[nodiscard]] PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
         int base,
         int terr,
         int weath,
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ PercentileRollOdds MakeOdds(
         const std::vector<double> &stats,
         std::span<const OtherFactor> others = {});
 
-int16_t GetTotalOdds(const PercentileRollOdds &odds);
+[[nodiscard]] int16_t GetTotalOdds(const PercentileRollOdds &odds);
 
-bool PercentileRollSucceeds(const PercentileRollOdds &odds, double roll);
+[[nodiscard]] bool PercentileRollSucceeds(const PercentileRollOdds &odds, double roll);
 
-int16_t GetSuccessChance(const PercentileRollOdds &odds);
+[[nodiscard]] int16_t GetSuccessChance(const PercentileRollOdds &odds);
 }  // namespace shardok
 
 #endif  // EAGLE0_SHARDOK_LIBRARY_PERCENTILE_ROLL_ODDS_HPP

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ShardokEngine.cpp

@@ -140,7 +140,12 @@ ShardokEngine::ShardokEngine(const ShardokEngine &toCopy, const bool trackHistor
       gameState(toCopy.gameState),
       trackHistory(trackHistory),
       startingHistoryCount(toCopy.startingHistoryCount),
+      startingHistoryState(trackHistory ? toCopy.startingHistoryState : GameStateW{}),
+      actionHistory(
+              trackHistory ? toCopy.actionHistory : std::vector<ShardokActionWithResultingState>{}),
       criticalTileCoords(toCopy.criticalTileCoords),
+      tutorialController_(toCopy.tutorialController_),
+      pendingReinforcementPlacement_(toCopy.pendingReinforcementPlacement_),
       cachedAvailableCommands(toCopy.cachedAvailableCommands) {}
 
 auto ShardokEngine::GetGameStateAtStartOfAction(const ActionId startingActionId) const
@@ -718,8 +723,8 @@ auto SecuredByPlayerByUnitIdFromHistory(
                 continue;
             }
             if (!resolvedUnit.has_secured_by_player()) { continue; }
-            const auto *unit = reinterpret_cast<const Unit *>(resolvedUnit.unit_bytes().data());
-            securedByPlayerByUnitId[unit->unit_id()] = resolvedUnit.secured_by_player().value();
+            const auto unit = UnitFromBytes(resolvedUnit.unit_bytes());
+            securedByPlayerByUnitId[unit.unit_id()] = resolvedUnit.secured_by_player().value();
         }
     }
     return securedByPlayerByUnitId;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_result_applier/ActionResultApplier.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_result_applier/UnitHelpers.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/HexMapHasher.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/unit/Unit.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/HexMapUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/main/flatbuffer/net/eagle0/shardok/storage/game_state.hpp"
 
@@ -30,10 +31,6 @@ inline auto GetMutableUnit(GameState *state, UnitId unitId) -> Unit * {
     return const_cast<Unit *>(state->mutable_units()->GetMutableObject(unitId));
 }
 
-inline auto UnitFromBytes(const std::string &unitBytes) -> const Unit & {
-    return *reinterpret_cast<const Unit *>(unitBytes.data());
-}
-
 using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition;
 using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryType;
 
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ void ApplyResolvedUnit(
         GameStateT &inoutState,
         const ResolvedUnitProto &resolvedUnit,
         const double vipCapturedMoraleAdjustment) {
-    const Unit &unit = UnitFromBytes(resolvedUnit.unit_bytes());
+    const Unit unit = UnitFromBytes(resolvedUnit.unit_bytes());
     UnitId unitId = unit.unit_id();
 
     if (unit.has_attached_hero() &&
@@ -169,15 +166,15 @@ void MutatingAddUnits(GameStateW &mutatingState, const ActionResultProto &result
 
     // First pass: check what kind of modifications we need
     for (const auto &unitBytes : result.changed_units_fb()) {
-        const auto *unit = &UnitFromBytes(unitBytes);
-        maxChangedUnitId = std::max(maxChangedUnitId, unit->unit_id());
+        const auto unit = UnitFromBytes(unitBytes);
+        maxChangedUnitId = std::max(maxChangedUnitId, unit.unit_id());
 
-        if (static_cast<unsigned int>(unit->unit_id()) >= mutatingState->units()->size()) {
+        if (static_cast<unsigned int>(unit.unit_id()) >= mutatingState->units()->size()) {
             // Unit ID beyond vector size - must expand
             needsVectorExpansion = true;
             break;  // No point checking further
         } else if (
-                mutatingState->units()->Get(unit->unit_id())->status() ==
+                mutatingState->units()->Get(unit.unit_id())->status() ==
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVED_SLOT) {
             // Unit wants to use a reserved slot
             needsReservedSlotConversion = true;
@@ -199,8 +196,8 @@ void MutatingAddUnits(GameStateW &mutatingState, const ActionResultProto &result
         // Convert reserved slots to real units in place
         // We only need to process the units that are being changed
         for (const auto &unitBytes : result.changed_units_fb()) {
-            const auto *unit = &UnitFromBytes(unitBytes);
-            auto *mutableUnit = GetMutableUnit(mutatingState.Get(), unit->unit_id());
+            const auto unit = UnitFromBytes(unitBytes);
+            auto *mutableUnit = GetMutableUnit(mutatingState.Get(), unit.unit_id());
             if (mutableUnit->status() ==
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVED_SLOT) {
                 // Convert this reserved slot to a real unit
@@ -299,51 +296,48 @@ void MutatingApplyResult(
     const double vipCapturedMoraleAdjustment = settings.Backing().vip_captured_morale_adjustment();
 
     for (const auto &changedUnitBytes : result.changed_units_fb()) {
-        const Unit *changedUnit = &UnitFromBytes(changedUnitBytes);
+        const Unit changedUnit = UnitFromBytes(changedUnitBytes);
 
         internalAssert(
-                changedUnit->unit_id() < static_cast<int32_t>(mutatingGameState->units()->size()),
+                changedUnit.unit_id() < static_cast<int32_t>(mutatingGameState->units()->size()),
                 "Got a changed unit outside acceptable range");
-        const auto battalionSizeAfter = changedUnit->battalion().size();
+        const auto battalionSizeAfter = changedUnit.battalion().size();
 
         const int battalionSizeBefore =
-                (changedUnit->unit_id() < static_cast<int32_t>(initialUnitCount))
-                        ? mutatingGameState->units()
-                                  ->Get(changedUnit->unit_id())
-                                  ->battalion()
-                                  .size()
-                        : changedUnit->battalion().size();
+                (changedUnit.unit_id() < static_cast<int32_t>(initialUnitCount))
+                        ? mutatingGameState->units()->Get(changedUnit.unit_id())->battalion().size()
+                        : changedUnit.battalion().size();
 
-        auto status = changedUnit->status();
-        if (IsDestroyed(*changedUnit)) {
+        auto status = changedUnit.status();
+        if (IsDestroyed(changedUnit)) {
             status =
-                    changedUnit->has_attached_hero()
+                    changedUnit.has_attached_hero()
                             ? net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_CAPTURED_UNIT
                             : net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_DESTROYED_SUMMONED_UNIT;
 
             ApplyResolvedUnit(
                     mutatingGameState.Get(),
-                    *changedUnit,
+                    changedUnit,
                     status,
                     vipCapturedMoraleAdjustment,
                     settings);
         }
 
         // Capture old position before applying changes
-        auto *mutableUnit = GetMutableUnit(mutatingGameState.Get(), changedUnit->unit_id());
+        auto *mutableUnit = GetMutableUnit(mutatingGameState.Get(), changedUnit.unit_id());
         const auto oldLocation = mutableUnit->location();
 
-        fb::ApplyUnit(mutableUnit, changedUnit, status);
+        fb::ApplyUnit(mutableUnit, &changedUnit, status);
 
         // Update occupied tiles bitfield if position changed
-        const auto &newLocation = changedUnit->location();
+        const auto &newLocation = changedUnit.location();
         if (oldLocation.row() != newLocation.row() ||
             oldLocation.column() != newLocation.column()) {
             mutatingGameState.UpdateOccupiedTile(oldLocation, newLocation);
         }
 
         if (battalionSizeBefore != battalionSizeAfter) {
-            if (changedUnit->battalion().type() ==
+            if (changedUnit.battalion().type() ==
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::BattalionTypeId_UNDEAD) {
                 if (battalionSizeAfter > battalionSizeBefore) {
                     // Undead consumed some bodies
@@ -355,7 +349,7 @@ void MutatingApplyResult(
                 if (battalionSizeAfter > battalionSizeBefore) {
                     std::ostringstream stringStream;
                     stringStream << "Battalion got larger! Was " << battalionSizeBefore << ", now "
-                                 << changedUnit << " result was " << result.DebugString();
+                                 << &changedUnit << " result was " << result.DebugString();
                     throw ShardokInternalErrorException(stringStream.str());
                 }
 
@@ -365,7 +359,7 @@ void MutatingApplyResult(
                 if (newCount != 0) {
                     newArmament =
                             (mutatingGameState->dead_count() * mutatingGameState->dead_armament() +
-                             casualties * changedUnit->battalion().armament()) /
+                             casualties * changedUnit.battalion().armament()) /
                             newCount;
                 }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_result_applier/BUILD.bazel

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:game_state_w",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map:hex_map_hasher",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/unit",
+        "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util:action_result_flatbuffer_helpers",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util:hex_map_utils",
         "//src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/storage:action_result_cc_proto",
     ],

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/action_result_applier/UnitHelpers.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 namespace shardok::fb {
 
-using namespace net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus;
 
 auto ApplyUnit(
         Unit* toUnit,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/actions/FallIntoWaterAction.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/HexMapUtils.hpp"
 
 namespace shardok {
-using namespace net::eagle0::shardok::common;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::common::WATER_DAMAGE;
 
 auto EscapeChance(
         const int base,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ auto EscapeChance(
 }
 
 auto ToVector(const Units &units) -> vector<const Unit *> {
-    auto v = vector<const Unit *>{};
+    vector<const Unit *> v{};
     v.reserve(units.size());
     for (const Unit *u : units) { v.push_back(u); }
     return v;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/actions/StartPlayerTurnAction.cpp

@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ auto StartPlayerTurnAction::InternalExecute(
                     ->Get(startingState->month() - 1)
                     ->is_winter() &&
             !inCastle) {
-            effectiveBase += float(settingsGetter.Backing().winter_morale_adjustment());
+            effectiveBase +=
+                    static_cast<float>(settingsGetter.Backing().winter_morale_adjustment());
         }
         float moraleDiff = effectiveBase - updatedUnit.battalion().morale();
         MutatingMaybeAdjustMorale(

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/actions/UndeadChangeAction.cpp

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ auto UndeadChangeAction::InternalExecute(
         int growth = newCount - decayedSize;
 
         float newArmament =
-                float(unit->battalion().armament() * decayedSize + armament * growth) / newCount;
+                static_cast<float>(unit->battalion().armament() * decayedSize + armament * growth) /
+                newCount;
 
         auto newUnit = *unit;
         newUnit.mutable_battalion().mutate_size(newCount);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/command_factories/EvacuatePrisonersCommandFactory.hpp

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 namespace shardok {
 
 class EvacuatePrisonersCommandFactory : public CommandFactory {
-    const SettingsGetter& settings;
+    const SettingsGetter settings;
 
 public:
     explicit EvacuatePrisonersCommandFactory(const SettingsGetter& getter);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/command_factories/FleeCommandFactory.cpp

@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ void FleeCommandFactory::AddAvailableFleeCommands(
             const auto *occupant = Occupant(allUnits, twoAwayCoords);
             if (occupant && !occupant->hidden()) {
                 if (std::ranges::contains(allyPids, occupant->player_id())) {
-                    adjacentFriendliesMod += int32_t(perAdjacentFriendly * adjustmentForTwoAway);
+                    adjacentFriendliesMod +=
+                            static_cast<int32_t>(perAdjacentFriendly * adjustmentForTwoAway);
                 } else {
-                    adjacentEnemiesMod += int32_t(perAdjacentEnemy * adjustmentForTwoAway);
+                    adjacentEnemiesMod +=
+                            static_cast<int32_t>(perAdjacentEnemy * adjustmentForTwoAway);
                 }
             }
         }

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/command_factories/MoveCommandFactory.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct AccumulatedMoveInfo {
     Coords endLocation;
     ActionPoints pointCost = 0;
     bool willUnhide = false;
-    vector<Coords> targets = {};
+    vector<Coords> targets{};
 
     AccumulatedMoveInfo(
             const Coords &startLocation,

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/BUILD.bazel

@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:percentile_roll_odds",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:shardok_command",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util:action_result_flatbuffer_helpers",
+        "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters:odds_filter",
     ],
 )
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/BecomeOutlawCommand.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/PercentileRollOdds.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/OddsFilter.hpp"
 
 namespace shardok {
 auto BecomeOutlawCommand::InternalExecute(
@@ -59,7 +60,12 @@ auto BecomeOutlawCommand::GetCommandProto() const -> CommandProto {
     proto.set_player(GetPlayerId());
     proto.set_type(net::eagle0::shardok::common::BECOME_OUTLAW_COMMAND);
     proto.mutable_actor()->set_value(fleeingUnitId);
+    *proto.mutable_odds() = OddsFilteredForPlayer(successOdds, GetPlayerId());
 
     return proto;
 }
+
+auto BecomeOutlawCommand::GetOddsPercentile() const -> int32_t {
+    return OddsFilteredForPlayer(successOdds, GetPlayerId()).success_chance();
+}
 }  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/BecomeOutlawCommand.hpp

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto GetCommandProto() const -> CommandProto override;
+    [[nodiscard]] auto HasOdds() const -> bool override { return true; }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetOddsPercentile() const -> int32_t override;
     [[nodiscard]] auto CanBeFollowUp() const -> bool override { return false; }
     [[nodiscard]] auto CanDoWithLowMorale() const -> bool override { return true; }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/FleeCommand.hpp

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto GetCommandProto() const -> CommandProto override;
+    [[nodiscard]] auto HasOdds() const -> bool override { return true; }
     [[nodiscard]] auto GetOddsPercentile() const -> int32_t override;
     [[nodiscard]] auto CanBeFollowUp() const -> bool override { return false; }
     [[nodiscard]] auto CanDoWithLowMorale() const -> bool override { return true; }

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/FreezeWaterCommand.cpp

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ auto FreezeWaterCommand::InternalExecute(
     if (PercentileRollSucceeds(odds, roll)) {
         freezeResult.set_type(ActionType::FREEZE_WATER);
 
-        TileModifierProto newTileModifier = fb::ToTileModifierProto(targetTerrain->modifier());
+        TileModifierProto newTileModifier = fb::ToTileModifierProto(targetTerrain.modifier());
         IncreaseFrozen(newTileModifier, freezeWaterIntegrity);
         *freezeResult.add_changed_tile_modifiers() = MakeTmc(target, newTileModifier);
     } else {

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/FreezeWaterCommand.hpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ protected:
     const ActionCost cost;
     const UnitId actorId;
     const Coords target;
-    const Terrain* targetTerrain;
+    const Terrain targetTerrain;
     const UnitId occupantId;
     const PercentileRollOdds odds;
     const int freezeWaterIntegrity;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public:
           cost(cost),
           actorId(actor->unit_id()),
           target(target),
-          targetTerrain(targetTerrain),
+          targetTerrain(*targetTerrain),
           occupantId(underwaterOccupant->unit_id()),
           odds(std::move(odds)),
           freezeWaterIntegrity(freezeWaterIntegrity),
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public:
           cost(cost),
           actorId(actor->unit_id()),
           target(target),
-          targetTerrain(targetTerrain),
+          targetTerrain(*targetTerrain),
           occupantId(-1),
           odds(std::move(odds)),
           freezeWaterIntegrity(freezeWaterIntegrity),

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/commands/HolyWaveCommand.cpp

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ auto HolyWaveDamageAction::InternalExecute(
     resultProto.set_type(net::eagle0::shardok::common::HOLY_WAVE_DAMAGE);
 
     const Unit *damagedUnit = currentState->units()->Get(damagedUnitId);
-    auto newSize = int32_t(damagedUnit->battalion().size() * (1.0 - damagePercentage));
+    auto newSize = static_cast<int32_t>(damagedUnit->battalion().size() * (1.0 - damagePercentage));
 
     auto damagedUnitAfter = *damagedUnit;
     damagedUnitAfter.mutable_battalion().mutate_size(newSize);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/fb_helpers/FlatbufferWrapper.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/common/ByteHasher.hpp"
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ private:
     uint8_t* buffer;
 
     static auto CopyBuffer(const uint8_t* data, const size_t size) -> uint8_t* {
+        if (data == nullptr || size == 0) { return nullptr; }
         auto* b = WrapperAllocator::GetDefaultAllocator()->allocate(size);
         std::memcpy(b, data, size);
         return b;
@@ -47,12 +49,29 @@ private:
         return CopyBuffer(copiedFrom.buffer, copiedFrom.size);
     }
 
+    static void ValidateBufferParams(const uint8_t* data, const size_t offset, const size_t size) {
+        if (data == nullptr) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper from null bytes");
+        }
+        if (size == 0) { throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper from zero bytes"); }
+        if (offset >= size) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper with offset outside buffer");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static auto CopyValidatedBuffer(const uint8_t* data, const size_t offset, const size_t size)
+            -> uint8_t* {
+        ValidateBufferParams(data, offset, size);
+        return CopyBuffer(data, size);
+    }
+
 public:
     explicit Wrapper(flatbuffers::FlatBufferBuilder& fbb) : size(0), offset(0) {
         const uint8_t* releasedBuf = fbb.ReleaseRaw(size, offset);
 
         if (releasedBuf == nullptr || size == 0) {
-            buffer = nullptr;
+            delete[] releasedBuf;
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper from empty FlatBufferBuilder");
         } else {
             buffer = CopyBuffer(releasedBuf, size);
         }
@@ -62,7 +81,7 @@ public:
     explicit Wrapper(uint8_t* allocatedBytes, const size_t offset, const size_t size)
         : size(size),
           offset(offset),
-          buffer(CopyBuffer(allocatedBytes, size)) {}
+          buffer(CopyValidatedBuffer(allocatedBytes, offset, size)) {}
 
     Wrapper() : size(0), offset(0), buffer(nullptr) {}
     Wrapper(Wrapper&& movedFrom) noexcept
@@ -76,17 +95,10 @@ public:
 
     auto operator=(const Wrapper& other) -> Wrapper& {
         if (&other != this) {
-            if (other.size > size) {
-                if (buffer != nullptr) {
-                    WrapperAllocator::GetDefaultAllocator()->deallocate(buffer, size);
-                }
-                buffer = CopyBuffer(other.buffer, other.size);
-            } else if (buffer != nullptr && other.buffer != nullptr) {
-                std::memcpy(buffer, other.buffer, other.size);
-            }
-
-            size = other.size;
-            offset = other.offset;
+            Wrapper copy(other);
+            std::swap(size, copy.size);
+            std::swap(offset, copy.offset);
+            std::swap(buffer, copy.buffer);
         }
 
         return *this;
@@ -110,10 +122,22 @@ public:
     // ReSharper disable once CppNonExplicitConversionOperator
     operator const FB*() const { return Get(); }  // NOLINT(*-explicit-constructor)
 
-    auto Get() const -> const FB* { return flatbuffers::GetRoot<FB>(buffer + offset); }
-    auto Get() -> FB* { return flatbuffers::GetMutableRoot<FB>(buffer + offset); }
-    auto operator->() const -> const FB* { return flatbuffers::GetRoot<FB>(buffer + offset); }
-    auto operator->() -> FB* { return flatbuffers::GetMutableRoot<FB>(buffer + offset); }
+    auto Get() const -> const FB* {
+        if (buffer == nullptr) { return nullptr; }
+        return flatbuffers::GetRoot<FB>(buffer + offset);
+    }
+    auto Get() -> FB* {
+        if (buffer == nullptr) { return nullptr; }
+        return flatbuffers::GetMutableRoot<FB>(buffer + offset);
+    }
+    auto operator->() const -> const FB* {
+        if (const auto* root = Get(); root != nullptr) { return root; }
+        throw std::logic_error("Cannot dereference an empty wrapper");
+    }
+    auto operator->() -> FB* {
+        if (auto* root = Get(); root != nullptr) { return root; }
+        throw std::logic_error("Cannot dereference an empty wrapper");
+    }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto SaveTo(const std::string& path) const -> bool {
         return FilesystemUtils::AtomicallySaveToPath(path, ToByteVector());
@@ -123,6 +147,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto ToByteString() const -> string {
+        if (buffer == nullptr || size == 0) { return {}; }
         string result;
         result.reserve(sizeof(size_t) + size);
         result.append(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&offset), sizeof(size_t));
@@ -138,25 +163,23 @@ public:
     }
     static auto FromByteString(const string& str) -> Wrapper {
         if (str.size() < sizeof(size_t)) {
-            return Wrapper();  // Return empty wrapper for invalid data
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper from truncated bytes");
         }
 
         size_t offset = 0;
         std::memcpy(&offset, str.data(), sizeof(size_t));
 
         size_t size = str.size() - sizeof(size_t);
-        auto toReturn = Wrapper(
+        return Wrapper(
                 const_cast<uint8_t*>(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(str.data())) + sizeof(size_t),
                 offset,
                 size);
-
-        return toReturn;
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto ToByteVector() const -> byte_vector { return byte_vector(ToByteString()); }
     static auto FromByteVector(const byte_vector& bv) -> Wrapper {
         if (bv.size() < sizeof(size_t)) {
-            return Wrapper();  // Return empty wrapper for invalid data
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot construct wrapper from truncated bytes");
         }
 
         size_t offset = 0;
@@ -164,9 +187,7 @@ public:
 
         size_t size = bv.size() - sizeof(size_t);
         // Note: CopyBuffer will handle const_cast safely by making a copy
-        auto toReturn = Wrapper(const_cast<uint8_t*>(bv.data()) + sizeof(size_t), offset, size);
-
-        return toReturn;
+        return Wrapper(const_cast<uint8_t*>(bv.data()) + sizeof(size_t), offset, size);
     }
 };
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/fb_helpers/GameStateHelpers.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,29 @@
 
 namespace shardok::fb {
 
-using namespace net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb;
+constexpr float kExplicitMoraleSentinel = -1.0f;
+
+using flatbuffers::FlatBufferBuilder;
+using flatbuffers::Offset;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::AlliedPlayer;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::CreateGameStatusDirect;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::EndGameCondition;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::GameStateBuilder;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::HexMapDirection_NORTHEAST;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::PlayerInfoBuilder;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Profession_NECROMANCER;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_PENDING_REINFORCEMENT;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVE_UNIT;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVED_SLOT;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition_VICTORY_CONDITION_HOLDS_CRITICAL_TILES;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition_VICTORY_CONDITION_LAST_ALLIANCE_STANDING;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition_VICTORY_CONDITION_LAST_PLAYER_STANDING;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition_VICTORY_CONDITION_MOST_TROOPS_STANDING;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::VictoryCondition_VICTORY_CONDITION_WIN_AFTER_MAX_ROUNDS;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::WeatherConditions_CLOUDS;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Wind;
+namespace GameStatusNs = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::GameStatus_;
 using GameStatusProto = net::eagle0::shardok::common::GameStatus;
 
 const std::vector<PlayerId> kWinningPids{-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1};
@@ -136,7 +158,7 @@ auto SetupInitialGameState(
     EndGameCondition endGameCondition;
     auto gameStatusOffset = CreateGameStatusDirect(
             fbb,
-            GameStatus_::State_SET_UP,
+            GameStatusNs::State_SET_UP,
             nullptr,
             &kWinningPids,
             &endGameCondition);
@@ -171,7 +193,8 @@ auto SetupInitialGameState(
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::MultiroundMagicState_NONE);
         if (modifiedUnit.can_archery()) {
             modifiedUnit.mutate_volleys_remaining(
-                    int32_t(modifiedUnit.battalion().armament() *
+                    static_cast<int32_t>(
+                            modifiedUnit.battalion().armament() *
                             settings.Backing().armament_to_volleys()) +
                     settings.GetBattalionType(modifiedUnit.battalion().type())->bonusVolleys);
         }
@@ -179,8 +202,11 @@ auto SetupInitialGameState(
                 RequiredMonthlyFood(modifiedUnit, settings) *
                 foodPercentByPid[modifiedUnit.player_id()]);
         auto baseMorale = BaseMorale(modifiedUnit);
+        auto startingMorale = modifiedUnit.battalion().base_morale() == kExplicitMoraleSentinel
+                                      ? modifiedUnit.battalion().morale()
+                                      : baseMorale;
         modifiedUnit.mutable_battalion().mutate_base_morale(baseMorale);
-        modifiedUnit.mutable_battalion().mutate_morale(baseMorale);
+        modifiedUnit.mutable_battalion().mutate_morale(startingMorale);
 
         if (modifiedUnit.status() !=
             net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_PENDING_REINFORCEMENT) {
@@ -293,9 +319,9 @@ auto ToPlayerInfoProto(const PlayerInfo* fbPI) -> PlayerInfoProto {
 auto ToWeatherProto(const Weather* fbW) -> net::eagle0::shardok::common::Weather {
     net::eagle0::shardok::common::Weather protoWeather;
     protoWeather.set_conditions(
-            (net::eagle0::shardok::common::Weather_Conditions)fbW->conditions());
+            static_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::common::Weather_Conditions>(fbW->conditions()));
     protoWeather.mutable_wind()->set_direction(
-            (net::eagle0::shardok::common::HexMapDirection)fbW->wind().direction());
+            static_cast<net::eagle0::shardok::common::HexMapDirection>(fbW->wind().direction()));
     protoWeather.mutable_wind()->set_speed_in_mph(fbW->wind().speed_in_mph());
 
     return protoWeather;

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/fb_helpers/HexMapHelpers.cpp

@@ -13,20 +13,28 @@
 namespace shardok::fb {
 
 using TerrainProto = net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Coords;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::CreateStartingPositionList;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::CreateStartingPositionListDirect;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::HexMapBuilder;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::MonthlyWeather;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::SingleModifier;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::StartingPositionList;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Terrain;
+using net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::TileModifier;
+namespace TerrainNs = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Terrain_;
 
-using namespace net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb;
-
-auto ConvertType(const net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type protoType) -> Terrain_::Type {
-    using namespace Terrain_;
+auto ConvertType(const net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type protoType) -> TerrainNs::Type {
     switch (protoType) {
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_CITY: return Type_CITY;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_FOREST: return Type_FOREST;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_HILL: return Type_HILL;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_MOUNTAIN: return Type_MOUNTAIN;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_PLAINS: return Type_PLAINS;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_RIVER: return Type_RIVER;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_STILL_WATER: return Type_STILL_WATER;
-        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_SWAMP: return Type_SWAMP;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_CITY: return TerrainNs::Type_CITY;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_FOREST: return TerrainNs::Type_FOREST;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_HILL: return TerrainNs::Type_HILL;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_MOUNTAIN: return TerrainNs::Type_MOUNTAIN;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_PLAINS: return TerrainNs::Type_PLAINS;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_RIVER: return TerrainNs::Type_RIVER;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_STILL_WATER:
+            return TerrainNs::Type_STILL_WATER;
+        case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_SWAMP: return TerrainNs::Type_SWAMP;
 
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_UNKNOWN:
         case net::eagle0::shardok::common::Terrain_Type_NONE:
@@ -208,7 +216,7 @@ auto ConvertHexMapProto(
 }
 
 auto CopyStartingPositionsList(FlatBufferBuilder& fbb, const StartingPositionList* spl) {
-    std::vector<Coords> coordsVec = {};
+    std::vector<Coords> coordsVec{};
 
     if (spl && spl->positions()) {
         coordsVec.reserve(spl->positions()->size());
@@ -232,7 +240,7 @@ auto CopyHexMap(const HexMap* hexMap) -> HexMapW {
     for (const auto* w : *hexMap->monthly_weather()) weatherVec.push_back(*w);
     const auto weatherOffset = fbb.CreateVectorOfStructs(weatherVec);
 
-    std::vector<Offset<StartingPositionList>> asplVec = {};
+    std::vector<Offset<StartingPositionList>> asplVec{};
     asplVec.reserve(hexMap->attacker_starting_positions()->size());
     for (const auto* spl : *hexMap->attacker_starting_positions()) {
         asplVec.push_back(CopyStartingPositionsList(fbb, spl));

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/BUILD.bazel

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_library")
+load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
 load("//tools:copts.bzl", "COPTS")
 
 cc_library(
@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ cc_library(
     ],
 )
 
+cc_binary(
+    name = "coords_set_benchmark",
+    srcs = ["CoordsSetBenchmark.cpp"],
+    copts = COPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [":coords_set"],
+)
+
 cc_library(
     name = "hex_map_direction",
     hdrs = ["HexMapDirection.hpp"],

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/Coordinates.hpp

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace std {
 template<>
 struct hash<net::eagle0::shardok::common::Coords> {
     [[nodiscard]] auto operator()(const net::eagle0::shardok::common::Coords &c) const -> size_t {
-        return size_t(c.row() << 16 | c.column());
+        return static_cast<size_t>(c.row() << 16 | c.column());
     }
 };
 }  // namespace std

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/CoordsSet.hpp

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
 #define EAGLE0_SHARDOK_LIBRARY_MAP_COORDS_SET_HPP
 
 #include <bit>
-#include <functional>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -17,7 +20,11 @@
 
 namespace shardok {
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+constexpr bool kCoordsSetIndexChecks = true;
+#else
 constexpr bool kCoordsSetIndexChecks = false;
+#endif
 
 constexpr size_t STANDARD_SIZE = size_t{12} * 14;
 
@@ -28,13 +35,28 @@ class CoordsSet {
 private:
     BackingBitset store;
 
-    int mapWidth;
-    int mapHeight;
+    uint8_t columnCount;
+    uint8_t rowCount;
 
-    uint32_t indexCount;
+    [[maybe_unused]] uint16_t indexCount;
+
+    void AssertCoordsInBounds([[maybe_unused]] const int row, [[maybe_unused]] const int column)
+            const {
+        if constexpr (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) {
+            assert(row >= 0);
+            assert(column >= 0);
+            assert(row < rowCount);
+            assert(column < columnCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void AssertIndexInBounds([[maybe_unused]] const uint32_t idx) const {
+        if constexpr (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) { assert(idx < indexCount); }
+    }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto Index(const int row, const int column) const -> int {
-        return (row * mapWidth) + column;
+        AssertCoordsInBounds(row, column);
+        return (row * columnCount) + column;
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto Index(const Coords& c) const -> int { return Index(c.row(), c.column()); }
@@ -49,18 +71,25 @@ private:
     };
 
     void Remove(uint32_t idx) {
-        if (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) { assert(idx < indexCount); }
+        AssertIndexInBounds(idx);
         store.Unset(idx);
     }
     [[nodiscard]] auto Contains(uint32_t idx) const -> bool {
-        if (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) { assert(idx < indexCount); }
+        AssertIndexInBounds(idx);
         return store.IsSet(idx);
     }
 
 public:
-    CoordsSet(int w, int h) : mapWidth(w), mapHeight(h), indexCount(w * h) {
-        if (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) {
-            assert(static_cast<size_t>(w) * static_cast<size_t>(h) < STANDARD_SIZE);
+    CoordsSet(const int w, const int h)
+        : columnCount(static_cast<uint8_t>(w)),
+          rowCount(static_cast<uint8_t>(h)),
+          indexCount(static_cast<uint16_t>(w * h)) {
+        if constexpr (kCoordsSetIndexChecks) {
+            assert(w >= 0);
+            assert(h >= 0);
+            assert(w <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max());
+            assert(h <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max());
+            assert(static_cast<size_t>(w) * static_cast<size_t>(h) <= STANDARD_SIZE);
         }
         clear();
     }
@@ -74,15 +103,20 @@ public:
     auto operator=(const CoordsSet& rhs) -> CoordsSet& = default;
     auto operator=(CoordsSet&& rhs) -> CoordsSet& = default;
 
-    auto operator==(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> bool {
-        if (mapWidth != rhs.mapWidth) return false;
-        if (mapHeight != rhs.mapHeight) return false;
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator==(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> bool {
+        if (columnCount != rhs.columnCount) return false;
+        if (rowCount != rhs.rowCount) return false;
         return store == rhs.store;
     }
 
-    void Add(const Coords& c) { AddIndex(Index(c)); }
-    void Add(const int row, const int column) { AddIndex(Index(row, column)); }
-    void AddIndex(const uint32_t idx) { store.Set(idx); }
+    void Add(const Coords& c) { AddMapIndexUnchecked(Index(c)); }
+    void Add(const int row, const int column) { AddMapIndexUnchecked(Index(row, column)); }
+
+    // For callers that already have row * column_count + column.
+    void AddMapIndexUnchecked(const uint32_t idx) {
+        AssertIndexInBounds(idx);
+        store.Set(idx);
+    }
 
     // Always succeeds
     void Remove(const Coords& c) { Remove(Index(c)); }
@@ -101,13 +135,15 @@ public:
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto empty() const -> bool { return store.empty(); }
 
+    [[nodiscard]] auto ColumnCount() const -> int { return columnCount; }
+
     // Should only be used for debugging.
     [[nodiscard]] auto as_vector() const -> std::vector<Coords> {
         return std::vector<Coords>{this->begin(), this->end()};
     }
 
     auto operator+=(const CoordsSet& rhs) -> CoordsSet& {
-        if (mapWidth != rhs.mapWidth || mapHeight != rhs.mapHeight) {
+        if (columnCount != rhs.columnCount || rowCount != rhs.rowCount) {
             throw MismatchException("mismatched sizes");
         }
 
@@ -115,14 +151,14 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    auto operator+(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> CoordsSet {
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator+(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> CoordsSet {
         CoordsSet cs = *this;
         cs += rhs;
         return cs;
     }
 
     auto operator-=(const CoordsSet& rhs) -> CoordsSet& {
-        if (mapWidth != rhs.mapWidth || mapHeight != rhs.mapHeight) {
+        if (columnCount != rhs.columnCount || rowCount != rhs.rowCount) {
             throw MismatchException("mismatched sizes");
         }
 
@@ -130,15 +166,25 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    auto operator-(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> CoordsSet {
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator-(const CoordsSet& rhs) const -> CoordsSet {
         CoordsSet cs = *this;
         cs -= rhs;
         return cs;
     }
 
-    void Filter(const std::function<bool(int, int)>& f) {
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < indexCount; ++i) {
-            if (Contains(i) && !f(i / mapWidth, i % mapWidth)) { Remove(i); }
+    template<class Func>
+    void Filter(Func&& f) {
+        if (size() * 4 > indexCount) {
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < indexCount; ++i) {
+                if (Contains(i) && !f(i / columnCount, i % columnCount)) { Remove(i); }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (auto iter = store.begin(); iter != store.end();) {
+            const uint32_t i = static_cast<uint32_t>(*iter);
+            ++iter;
+            if (!f(i / columnCount, i % columnCount)) { Remove(i); }
         }
     }
 
@@ -146,9 +192,9 @@ public:
     public:
         using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
         using value_type = Coords;
-        using difference_type = int;
-        using pointer = Coords*;
-        using reference = Coords&;
+        using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+        using pointer = void;
+        using reference = Coords;
 
     private:
         BackingBitset::Iter iterator;
@@ -158,15 +204,28 @@ public:
     public:
         Iter(const CoordsSet& cs, BackingBitset::Iter iter) : iterator(iter), cs(cs) {}
 
-        auto operator==(const Iter& rhs) const -> bool { return iterator == rhs.iterator; }
-        auto operator!=(const Iter& rhs) const -> bool { return iterator != rhs.iterator; }
-        void operator++() { ++iterator; }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto operator==(const Iter& rhs) const -> bool {
+            return iterator == rhs.iterator;
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto operator!=(const Iter& rhs) const -> bool {
+            return iterator != rhs.iterator;
+        }
+        auto operator++() -> Iter& {
+            ++iterator;
+            return *this;
+        }
 
-        auto operator*() const -> Coords {
+        auto operator++(int) -> Iter {
+            Iter previous = *this;
+            ++(*this);
+            return previous;
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]] auto operator*() const -> Coords {
             const size_t index = *iterator;
 
-            const int row = index / cs.mapWidth;
-            const int column = index % cs.mapWidth;
+            const int row = static_cast<int>(index / static_cast<size_t>(cs.columnCount));
+            const int column = static_cast<int>(index % static_cast<size_t>(cs.columnCount));
             return Coords(row, column);
         }
     };
@@ -185,25 +244,21 @@ public:
         [[nodiscard]] auto end() const -> BackingBitset::Iter { return cs.store.end(); }
     };
     [[nodiscard]] auto indexIterator() const -> IndexIterator { return IndexIterator(*this); }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] auto ToString() const -> std::string {
-        return std::string(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&store), STANDARD_SIZE);
-    }
 };
 
 }  // namespace shardok
 
 namespace common {
-static inline auto Contains(const shardok::CoordsSet& container, const shardok::Coords& elt)
-        -> bool {
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Contains(
+        const shardok::CoordsSet& container,
+        const shardok::Coords& elt) -> bool {
     return container.Contains(elt);
 }
 
 template<class Func>
 void FilterInPlace(shardok::CoordsSet& container, Func fn) {
-    for (const shardok::Coords& c : container) {
-        if (!fn(c)) container.Remove(c);
-    }
+    container.Filter(
+            [&fn](const int row, const int column) { return fn(shardok::Coords(row, column)); });
 }
 }  // namespace common
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/CoordsSetBenchmark.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/CoordsSet.hpp"
+
+namespace shardok {
+namespace {
+
+constexpr int kColumnCount = 12;
+constexpr int kRowCount = 14;
+constexpr int kIndexCount = kColumnCount * kRowCount;
+
+volatile uint64_t benchmarkSink = 0;
+
+template<class T>
+void DoNotOptimize(const T& value) {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    asm volatile("" : : "g"(&value) : "memory");
+#else
+    benchmarkSink ^= reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&value);
+#endif
+}
+
+struct BenchmarkResult {
+    std::string_view name;
+    int iterations;
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds elapsed;
+    uint64_t checksum;
+};
+
+void Consume(uint64_t checksum) { benchmarkSink = checksum; }
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto MakePatternedCoordsSet(const int step, const int offset = 0) -> CoordsSet {
+    CoordsSet coords(kColumnCount, kRowCount);
+    for (int index = offset; index < kIndexCount; index += step) {
+        coords.AddMapIndexUnchecked(static_cast<uint32_t>(index));
+    }
+    return coords;
+}
+
+template<class Func>
+[[nodiscard]] auto RunBenchmark(std::string_view name, const int iterations, Func func)
+        -> BenchmarkResult {
+    const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    const uint64_t checksum = func(iterations);
+    const auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    Consume(checksum);
+    return BenchmarkResult{
+            name,
+            iterations,
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end - start),
+            checksum};
+}
+
+void PrintResult(const BenchmarkResult& result) {
+    const double nsPerIteration =
+            static_cast<double>(result.elapsed.count()) / static_cast<double>(result.iterations);
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(28) << result.name << " iterations=" << std::right
+              << std::setw(10) << result.iterations << " ns/op=" << std::fixed
+              << std::setprecision(2) << std::setw(10) << nsPerIteration
+              << " checksum=" << result.checksum << '\n';
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkCopies(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet source = MakePatternedCoordsSet(3);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        CoordsSet copy = source;
+        DoNotOptimize(copy);
+        checksum += copy.size();
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkUnions(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet left = MakePatternedCoordsSet(3);
+    const CoordsSet right = MakePatternedCoordsSet(5, 1);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        CoordsSet combined = left;
+        combined += right;
+        DoNotOptimize(combined);
+        checksum += combined.size();
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkSubtractions(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet full = MakePatternedCoordsSet(1);
+    const CoordsSet removed = MakePatternedCoordsSet(4);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        CoordsSet remaining = full;
+        remaining -= removed;
+        DoNotOptimize(remaining);
+        checksum += remaining.size();
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkContains(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet coords = MakePatternedCoordsSet(3);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        const int index = i % kIndexCount;
+        checksum += coords.Contains(index / kColumnCount, index % kColumnCount) ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkCoordinateIteration(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet coords = MakePatternedCoordsSet(3);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        for (const auto& coord : coords) {
+            checksum += static_cast<uint64_t>(coord.row() + coord.column());
+        }
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkIndexIteration(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet coords = MakePatternedCoordsSet(3);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        for (const auto index : coords.indexIterator()) { checksum += index; }
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkDenseFilter(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet source = MakePatternedCoordsSet(1);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        CoordsSet filtered = source;
+        filtered.Filter([](const int row, const int column) { return (row + column) % 3 == 0; });
+        DoNotOptimize(filtered);
+        checksum += filtered.size();
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto BenchmarkSparseFilter(const int iterations) -> uint64_t {
+    const CoordsSet source = MakePatternedCoordsSet(7);
+    uint64_t checksum = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterations; ++i) {
+        CoordsSet filtered = source;
+        filtered.Filter([](const int row, const int column) { return (row + column) % 3 == 0; });
+        DoNotOptimize(filtered);
+        checksum += filtered.size();
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace shardok
+
+auto main() -> int {
+    using shardok::BenchmarkContains;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkCoordinateIteration;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkCopies;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkDenseFilter;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkIndexIteration;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkSparseFilter;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkSubtractions;
+    using shardok::BenchmarkUnions;
+    using shardok::CoordsSet;
+    using shardok::PrintResult;
+    using shardok::RunBenchmark;
+
+    std::cout << "CoordsSet benchmark\n";
+    std::cout << "sizeof(CoordsSet)=" << sizeof(CoordsSet)
+              << " alignof(CoordsSet)=" << alignof(CoordsSet) << '\n';
+
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("copy", 5'000'000, BenchmarkCopies));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("union", 3'000'000, BenchmarkUnions));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("subtraction", 3'000'000, BenchmarkSubtractions));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("contains", 20'000'000, BenchmarkContains));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("coord iteration", 1'000'000, BenchmarkCoordinateIteration));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("index iteration", 1'000'000, BenchmarkIndexIteration));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("dense filter", 500'000, BenchmarkDenseFilter));
+    PrintResult(RunBenchmark("sparse filter", 500'000, BenchmarkSparseFilter));
+
+    return 0;
+}

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/TileModifier.hpp

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ using TileModifierProto = net::eagle0::shardok::common::TileModifier;
 
 SingleModifier MakeSingleModifier(const std::optional<double>& integ = std::nullopt);
 
-bool operator==(const SingleModifier& lhs, const SingleModifier& rhs);
+[[nodiscard]] bool operator==(const SingleModifier& lhs, const SingleModifier& rhs);
 
 TileModifierProto MakeTileModifier(bool onFire = false);
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/map/TileModifierWithCoords.hpp

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 namespace shardok {
 using TileModifierWithCoords = net::eagle0::shardok::common::TileModifierWithCoords;
 
-auto MakeTmc(const Coords &coordinates, const TileModifierProto &modifier)
+[[nodiscard]] auto MakeTmc(const Coords &coordinates, const TileModifierProto &modifier)
         -> TileModifierWithCoords;
 
-auto MakeTmc(
+[[nodiscard]] auto MakeTmc(
         const Coords &coordinates,
         const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::TileModifier &modifier) -> TileModifierWithCoords;
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/settings/GameSettings.hpp

@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ public:
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::WeatherConditions conditions) const -> int;
     };
 
-    [[nodiscard]] auto GetGetter() const -> Getter { return Getter(*this); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetGetter() const & -> Getter { return Getter(*this); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetGetter() const && -> Getter = delete;
 
     class Setter {
     private:
@@ -118,7 +119,8 @@ public:
         void SetFirePropensityFromWeather(Weather::Conditions wc, int propensity);
     };
 
-    auto GetSetter() -> Setter { return Setter(*this); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetSetter() & -> Setter { return Setter(*this); }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetSetter() && -> Setter = delete;
 
     virtual ~GameSettings() = default;
 };

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/settings_loader/SettingsLoader.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace shardok {
 
 class SettingsLoader {
 public:
-    static auto LoadSettings() -> std::shared_ptr<GameSettings>;
+    [[nodiscard]] static auto LoadSettings() -> std::shared_ptr<GameSettings>;
 };
 
 }  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp

@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@
 #ifndef EAGLE0_SHARDOK_LIBRARY_UTIL_ACTION_RESULT_FLATBUFFER_HELPERS_HPP
 #define EAGLE0_SHARDOK_LIBRARY_UTIL_ACTION_RESULT_FLATBUFFER_HELPERS_HPP
 
+#include <cstring>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include "src/main/flatbuffer/net/eagle0/shardok/storage/unit.hpp"
 #include "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/storage/action_result.pb.h"
@@ -16,13 +19,30 @@ using ActionResult = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ActionResult;
 using ResolvedUnit = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ResolvedUnit;
 using Unit = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::Unit;
 
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Unit>);
+
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto UnitToBytes(const Unit& unit) -> std::string {
+    std::string bytes(sizeof(Unit), '\0');
+    std::memcpy(bytes.data(), &unit, sizeof(Unit));
+    return bytes;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto UnitFromBytes(const std::string& unitBytes) -> Unit {
+    if (unitBytes.size() != sizeof(Unit)) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Unexpected unit byte length");
+    }
+
+    Unit unit{};
+    std::memcpy(&unit, unitBytes.data(), sizeof(Unit));
+    return unit;
+}
+
 static inline void AddChangedUnit(ActionResult& result, const Unit& unit) {
     result.add_changed_units_fb(&unit, sizeof(Unit));
 }
 
 static inline void AddUnitToResolved(ResolvedUnit& resolvedUnit, const Unit& unit) {
-    *resolvedUnit.mutable_unit_bytes() =
-            std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&unit), sizeof(Unit));
+    *resolvedUnit.mutable_unit_bytes() = UnitToBytes(unit);
 }
 
 }  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/BUILD.bazel

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ cc_library(
     hdrs = ["ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp"],
     copts = COPTS,
     visibility = [
+        "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok:__subpackages__",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:__subpackages__",
         "//src/test/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:__subpackages__",
     ],

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/CombatUtils.cpp

@@ -306,10 +306,9 @@ auto MakeActionResultFb(const ActionType type, const MeleeResultFb &results, con
     ar.mutable_actor()->set_value(results.attackerAfter.unit_id());
     ar.mutable_target_unit()->set_value(results.defenderAfter.unit_id());
 
-    AddChangedUnit(ar, results.attackerAfter);
-    auto *attCU = reinterpret_cast<Unit *>(
-            ar.mutable_changed_units_fb(ar.changed_units_fb_size() - 1)->data());
-    if (resetZoc) attCU->mutate_has_moved_in_zoc(false);
+    Unit attackerAfter = results.attackerAfter;
+    if (resetZoc) attackerAfter.mutate_has_moved_in_zoc(false);
+    AddChangedUnit(ar, attackerAfter);
 
     AddChangedUnit(ar, results.defenderAfter);
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/HexMapUtils.cpp

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ const std::vector<CoordsSet> HexMapUtils::standardCoords =
 
 auto HexMapUtils::ComputeAllStandardAdjacentCoords() -> std::vector<CoordsSet> {
     std::vector<CoordsSet> arr;
-    arr.reserve(size_t(STANDARD_MAP_ROWS * STANDARD_MAP_COLUMNS));
+    arr.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(STANDARD_MAP_ROWS * STANDARD_MAP_COLUMNS));
 
     for (int index = 0; index < STANDARD_MAP_ROWS * STANDARD_MAP_COLUMNS; ++index) {
         arr.push_back(ComputeAdjacentCoords(
@@ -127,25 +127,25 @@ auto HexMapUtils::ComputeAdjacentCoords(
 
     // Row above
     if (origin.row() > 0) {
-        cs.AddIndex(originIndex - columnCount);
+        cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex - columnCount);
 
         if (origin.row() % 2 == 0) {
-            if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddIndex(originIndex - columnCount - 1); }
+            if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex - columnCount - 1); }
         } else if (origin.column() < columnCount - 1) {
-            cs.AddIndex(originIndex - columnCount + 1);
+            cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex - columnCount + 1);
         }
     }
     // This row
-    if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddIndex(originIndex - 1); }
-    if (origin.column() < columnCount - 1) { cs.AddIndex(originIndex + 1); }
+    if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex - 1); }
+    if (origin.column() < columnCount - 1) { cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex + 1); }
     // Row below
     if (origin.row() < rowCount - 1) {
-        cs.AddIndex(originIndex + columnCount);
+        cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex + columnCount);
 
         if (origin.row() % 2 == 0) {
-            if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddIndex(originIndex + columnCount - 1); }
+            if (origin.column() > 0) { cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex + columnCount - 1); }
         } else if (origin.column() < columnCount - 1) {
-            cs.AddIndex(originIndex + columnCount + 1);
+            cs.AddMapIndexUnchecked(originIndex + columnCount + 1);
         }
     }
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/HexMapUtils.hpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ struct alignas(16) AdjacentTile {
 
     AdjacentTile(const Coords co, const HexMapDirection dir) : directionTo(dir), coords(co) {}
 
-    auto operator==(const AdjacentTile &rhs) const -> bool {
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator==(const AdjacentTile &rhs) const -> bool {
         return coords == rhs.coords && directionTo == rhs.directionTo;
     }
 };
@@ -73,21 +73,21 @@ public:
 
 [[nodiscard]] auto AllCastleCoords(const HexMap *hexMap) -> CoordsSet;
 
-auto HasForestAccess(
+[[nodiscard]] auto HasForestAccess(
         const Coords &coords,
         const Units *units,
         const HexMap *hexMap,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
         PlayerId player) -> bool;
 
-auto GetTerrain(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> const Terrain *;
-auto GetMutableTerrain(HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> Terrain *;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetTerrain(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> const Terrain *;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetMutableTerrain(HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> Terrain *;
 // Overload for const HexMap - uses const_cast internally. Safe when the underlying buffer is
 // mutable.
-auto GetMutableTerrain(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> Terrain *;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetMutableTerrain(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> Terrain *;
 
-auto CoordsAreValid(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> bool;
-auto CoordsAreValid(int rowCount, int columnCount, const Coords &coords) -> bool;
+[[nodiscard]] auto CoordsAreValid(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> bool;
+[[nodiscard]] auto CoordsAreValid(int rowCount, int columnCount, const Coords &coords) -> bool;
 
 [[nodiscard]] auto GetTilesAcrossWater(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords) -> CoordsSet;
 
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ auto CoordsAreValid(int rowCount, int columnCount, const Coords &coords) -> bool
 [[nodiscard]] auto TwoAwayTilesUnblockedByMountains(const HexMap *map, const Coords &coords)
         -> CoordsSet;
 
-static inline auto Occupant(const Units *units, const Coords &coords) -> const Unit * {
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Occupant(const Units *units, const Coords &coords)
+        -> const Unit * {
     for (const auto &unit : *units) {
         if (unit->status() == net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_NORMAL_UNIT &&
             unit->location() == coords) {
@@ -111,7 +112,8 @@ static inline auto Occupant(const Units *units, const Coords &coords) -> const U
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-static inline auto Occupant(const Units &units, const Coords &coords) -> const Unit * {
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Occupant(const Units &units, const Coords &coords)
+        -> const Unit * {
     for (const auto &unit : units) {
         if (unit->status() == net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_NORMAL_UNIT &&
             unit->location() == coords) {
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ static inline auto Occupant(const Units &units, const Coords &coords) -> const U
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-static inline auto Occupants(
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Occupants(
         const std::vector<const Unit *> &units,
         const int rowCount,
         const int columnCount) -> std::vector<const Unit *> {
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ static inline auto Occupants(
     return positions;
 }
 
-static inline auto Occupants(
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Occupants(
         const flatbuffers::Vector<const Unit *> &units,
         const int rowCount,
         const int columnCount) -> std::vector<const Unit *> {
@@ -154,8 +156,9 @@ static inline auto Occupants(
     return positions;
 }
 
-static inline auto Occupant(const std::vector<const Unit *> &units, const Coords &coords)
-        -> const Unit * {
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto Occupant(
+        const std::vector<const Unit *> &units,
+        const Coords &coords) -> const Unit * {
     for (const auto &unit : units) {
         if (unit->status() == net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_NORMAL_UNIT &&
             unit->location() == coords) {
@@ -167,7 +170,7 @@ static inline auto Occupant(const std::vector<const Unit *> &units, const Coords
 }
 
 template<class UnitContainer>
-auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords)
+[[nodiscard]] auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords)
         -> std::optional<typename UnitContainer::value_type> {
     for (const auto &unit : units) {
         if (unit.location() == coords) { return unit; }
@@ -177,7 +180,8 @@ auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords)
 }
 
 template<class U>
-auto Occupant(const std::map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coords) -> std::optional<U> {
+[[nodiscard]] auto Occupant(const std::map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coords)
+        -> std::optional<U> {
     for (const auto &[unitId, unit] : units) {
         if (unit.location() == coords) { return unit; }
     }
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ auto Occupant(const std::map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coords) -> std::op
 }
 
 template<class U>
-auto Occupant(const ::google::protobuf::Map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coords)
+[[nodiscard]] auto Occupant(const ::google::protobuf::Map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coords)
         -> std::optional<U> {
     for (const auto &[unitId, unit] : units) {
         if (unit.location() == coords) { return unit; }
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ auto Occupant(const ::google::protobuf::Map<UnitId, U> &units, const Coords &coo
 }
 
 template<class U, class UnitContainer>
-auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords) -> std::optional<U> {
+[[nodiscard]] auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords) -> std::optional<U> {
     for (const auto &unit : units) {
         if (unit.location() == coords) { return unit; }
     }
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ auto Occupant(const UnitContainer &units, const Coords &coords) -> std::optional
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-static inline auto FriendlyOccupant(
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto FriendlyOccupant(
         const PlayerId pid,
         const Units *units,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ static inline auto FriendlyOccupant(
 }
 
 template<class U, class UnitContainer>
-auto FriendlyOccupant(
+[[nodiscard]] auto FriendlyOccupant(
         PlayerId pid,
         const UnitContainer &units,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
@@ -237,14 +241,14 @@ auto FriendlyOccupant(
     return {};
 }
 
-auto KnownEnemyOccupant(
+[[nodiscard]] auto KnownEnemyOccupant(
         PlayerId playerId,
         const Units *units,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
         const Coords &coords) -> const Unit *;
 
 template<class UnitContainer>
-auto KnownEnemyOccupant(
+[[nodiscard]] auto KnownEnemyOccupant(
         PlayerId playerId,
         const UnitContainer &units,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
@@ -277,31 +281,35 @@ auto KnownEnemyOccupant(
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-auto KnownAdjacentEnemies(
+[[nodiscard]] auto KnownAdjacentEnemies(
         PlayerId playerId,
         const Units *units,
         const HexMap *map,
         const std::vector<PlayerId> &allyPids,
         const Coords &coords) -> std::vector<const Unit *>;
 
-auto DirectionsTo(int columnCount, const Coords &origin, const Coords &destination)
+[[nodiscard]] auto DirectionsTo(int columnCount, const Coords &origin, const Coords &destination)
         -> HexMapDirectionsTo;
 
-static inline auto DirectionsTo(const HexMap *map, const Coords &origin, const Coords &destination)
-        -> HexMapDirectionsTo {
+[[nodiscard]] static inline auto DirectionsTo(
+        const HexMap *map,
+        const Coords &origin,
+        const Coords &destination) -> HexMapDirectionsTo {
     return DirectionsTo(map->column_count(), origin, destination);
 }
 
-auto MaybeTileInDirection(const HexMap *map, const Coords &inCoords, HexMapDirection orientation)
-        -> std::optional<Coords>;
+[[nodiscard]] auto MaybeTileInDirection(
+        const HexMap *map,
+        const Coords &inCoords,
+        HexMapDirection orientation) -> std::optional<Coords>;
 
-auto MaybeOccupantInDirection(
+[[nodiscard]] auto MaybeOccupantInDirection(
         const HexMap *map,
         const Units *units,
         const Coords &coords,
         HexMapDirection direction) -> const Unit *;
 
-auto GetAllCoords(const HexMap *hexMap) -> CoordsSet;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetAllCoords(const HexMap *hexMap) -> CoordsSet;
 
 void MutatingSetTileModifier(
         HexMapT *hexMap,
@@ -318,9 +326,10 @@ void MutatingSetTileModifier(
         const CoordsProto &coords,
         const TileModifierProto &TileModifierProto);
 
-auto GetCriticalTileLocations(const HexMap *hexMap) -> CoordsSet;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetCriticalTileLocations(const HexMap *hexMap) -> CoordsSet;
 
-auto IsBelievedEmpty(PlayerId playerId, const Coords &coords, const Units *units) -> bool;
+[[nodiscard]] auto IsBelievedEmpty(PlayerId playerId, const Coords &coords, const Units *units)
+        -> bool;
 
 }  // namespace shardok
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/PlayerUtils.hpp

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ namespace shardok {
 using PlayerInfoFb = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::PlayerInfo;
 using GameState = net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::GameState;
 
-auto PlayerIsDefender(const GameState *gameState, int playerId) -> bool;
-auto NextPlayerId(const GameState *gameState, PlayerId pid, bool allowUncontrolled = true)
-        -> PlayerId;
-auto AlliedPids(const GameState *gameState, int playerId) -> std::vector<PlayerId>;
+[[nodiscard]] auto PlayerIsDefender(const GameState *gameState, int playerId) -> bool;
+[[nodiscard]] auto
+NextPlayerId(const GameState *gameState, PlayerId pid, bool allowUncontrolled = true) -> PlayerId;
+[[nodiscard]] auto AlliedPids(const GameState *gameState, int playerId) -> std::vector<PlayerId>;
 
 }  // namespace shardok
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/ActionResultFilter.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <ranges>
 
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/unit/Unit.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateFilter.hpp"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateViewDiffer.hpp"
 #include "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/common/action_type.pb.h"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ auto TargetIsHiddenFromOpponents(const ActionResultType type) -> bool {
     if (result.has_actor()) {
         const auto actorId = result.actor().value();
         for (const auto &unitData : result.changed_units_fb()) {
-            const auto &unit = *reinterpret_cast<const Unit *>(unitData.data());
+            const auto unit = UnitFromBytes(unitData);
             if (unit.unit_id() == actorId) {
                 opponentKnowledgeOfActor = OpponentKnowledge(unit, askingPlayer);
                 hiddenActor = unit.hidden();

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/BUILD.bazel

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ cc_library(
     deps = [
         ":unit_filter",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/settings:game_settings",
+        "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util:action_result_flatbuffer_helpers",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters:game_state_filter",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters:game_state_view_differ",
         "//src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/shardok/api:action_result_view_cc_proto",

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateFilter.cpp

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ auto GameStateFilteredForPlayerWithAllies(
 
     int reserveUnitCount = 0;
     int normalUnitCount = 0;
+    int capturedUnitCount = 0;
     for (const auto& unit : *gameState->units()) {
         switch (unit->status()) {
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVE_UNIT:
@@ -56,8 +57,11 @@ auto GameStateFilteredForPlayerWithAllies(
                 ++normalUnitCount;
                 break;
 
-            case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_DESTROYED_SUMMONED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_CAPTURED_UNIT:
+                ++capturedUnitCount;
+                break;
+
+            case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_DESTROYED_SUMMONED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_FLED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RETREATED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_OUTLAWED_UNIT:
@@ -73,6 +77,7 @@ auto GameStateFilteredForPlayerWithAllies(
 
     gsv.mutable_reserve_units()->Reserve(reserveUnitCount);
     gsv.mutable_units()->Reserve(normalUnitCount);
+    gsv.mutable_captured_units()->Reserve(capturedUnitCount);
     for (const auto& unit : *gameState->units()) {
         switch (unit->status()) {
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RESERVE_UNIT:
@@ -85,8 +90,12 @@ auto GameStateFilteredForPlayerWithAllies(
                 *gsv.add_units() = UnitFilteredForPlayer(settings, unit, askingPlayer, alliedPids);
                 break;
 
-            case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_DESTROYED_SUMMONED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_CAPTURED_UNIT:
+                *gsv.add_captured_units() =
+                        UnitFilteredForPlayer(settings, unit, askingPlayer, alliedPids);
+                break;
+
+            case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_DESTROYED_SUMMONED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_FLED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_RETREATED_UNIT:
             case net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_OUTLAWED_UNIT:

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateGuesser.cpp

@@ -216,7 +216,8 @@ auto GameStateGuesser::GuessedState(
 
     std::vector<UnitId> foundUnits{};
     std::vector<Unit> unitsVec{};
-    const int knownUnitCount = gameStateView.units_size() + gameStateView.reserve_units_size();
+    const int knownUnitCount = gameStateView.units_size() + gameStateView.reserve_units_size() +
+                               gameStateView.captured_units_size();
     foundUnits.reserve(knownUnitCount);
     unitsVec.reserve(knownUnitCount + 6);
     for (const auto &uv : gameStateView.units()) {
@@ -257,6 +258,19 @@ auto GameStateGuesser::GuessedState(
         foundUnits.push_back(uv.unit_id());
     }
 
+    for (const auto &uv : gameStateView.captured_units()) {
+        unitsVec.push_back(GuessedUnit(
+                settings,
+                uv,
+                pid,
+                FromCoordsProto(uv.location()),
+                net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_CAPTURED_UNIT,
+                playerAverages));
+        if (uv.player_id() == 1) foundDefender = true;
+        if (uv.unit_id() > maxId) maxId = uv.unit_id();
+        foundUnits.push_back(uv.unit_id());
+    }
+
     for (int i = 0; i < maxId; ++i) {
         auto entry = std::ranges::find(foundUnits, i);
         if (entry == std::end(foundUnits)) {
@@ -283,6 +297,8 @@ auto GameStateGuesser::GuessedState(
 
         newUnit.mutate_unit_id(maxId + 1);
         newUnit.mutate_status(net::eagle0::shardok::storage::fb::UnitStatus_NORMAL_UNIT);
+        newUnit.mutate_has_attached_hero(false);
+        newUnit.mutate_commanding_unit_id(-1);
 
         for (const auto &startPosProto :
              gameStateView.hex_map().defender_starting_positions().positions()) {

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateViewDiffer.cpp

@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ auto MakeGameStateViewDiff(const GameStateView &before, const GameStateView &aft
             diff.mutable_changed_reserve_units(),
             diff.mutable_removed_reserve_unit_ids(),
             changed);
+    PopulateRepeatedUnitDiffs(
+            before.captured_units(),
+            after.captured_units(),
+            diff.mutable_changed_captured_units(),
+            diff.mutable_removed_captured_unit_ids(),
+            changed);
 
     // tile modifiers
     const int afterRowCount = after.hex_map().row_count();
@@ -70,7 +76,8 @@ auto MakeGameStateViewDiff(const GameStateView &before, const GameStateView &aft
 
     for (int tileIndex = 0; tileIndex < afterCount; ++tileIndex) {
         Coords coords =
-                Coords(int8_t(tileIndex / afterColumnCount), int8_t(tileIndex % afterColumnCount));
+                Coords(static_cast<int8_t>(tileIndex / afterColumnCount),
+                       static_cast<int8_t>(tileIndex % afterColumnCount));
         const auto afterModifier = after.hex_map().terrain(tileIndex).modifier();
 
         if (tileIndex >= before.hex_map().terrain_size()) {

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/view_filters/GameStateViewDiffer.hpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace shardok {
 using net::eagle0::shardok::api::GameStateView;
 using net::eagle0::shardok::api::GameStateViewDiff;
 
-auto MakeGameStateViewDiff(const GameStateView& before, const GameStateView& after)
+[[nodiscard]] auto MakeGameStateViewDiff(const GameStateView& before, const GameStateView& after)
         -> std::optional<GameStateViewDiff>;
 
 }  // namespace shardok

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/server/BUILD.bazel

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ cc_library(
     deps = [
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:shardok_c_types",
         "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library:shardok_exception",
+        "//src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util:action_result_flatbuffer_helpers",
         "//src/main/flatbuffer/net/eagle0/shardok/storage:unit_cc_fbs",
         "//src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/common:common_unit_cc_proto",
         "//src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/common:shardok_internal_interface_cc_grpc",

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/server/GameOverResponsePopulator.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ShardokCTypes.h"
 #include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/ShardokException.hpp"
+#include "src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/library/util/ActionResultFlatbufferHelpers.hpp"
 #include "src/main/protobuf/net/eagle0/common/victory_condition.pb.h"
 
 namespace shardok {
@@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ auto PopulateGameOverResponse(
 
         // copy in all the resolvedUnits that correspond to this player
         for (const auto &internalRu : resolvedUnits) {
-            const auto *unit = reinterpret_cast<const Unit *>(internalRu.unit_bytes().data());
-            if (!unit->has_attached_hero()) continue;
+            const auto unit = UnitFromBytes(internalRu.unit_bytes());
+            if (!unit.has_attached_hero()) continue;
             if (!IncludeUnitProtoInReturn(internalRu.status())) continue;
-            if (unit->player_id() != shardokPid) continue;
+            if (unit.player_id() != shardokPid) continue;
 
             auto *ru = resolutionInfo->add_units();
-            *ru->mutable_unit() = FromUnitFb(*unit);
+            *ru->mutable_unit() = FromUnitFb(unit);
             ru->set_status(FromInternalStatus(internalRu.status()));
             if (internalRu.status() ==
                 net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ResolvedUnit_UnitStatus_SECURED_UNIT) {

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/server/GameOverResponsePopulator.hpp

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ auto PopulateGameOverResponse(
         const std::vector<net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ResolvedUnit> &resolvedUnits,
         net::eagle0::common::GameOverResponse *gameOverResponse) -> bool;
 
-auto IncludeUnitProtoInReturn(
+[[nodiscard]] auto IncludeUnitProtoInReturn(
         const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ResolvedUnit::UnitStatus &internalStatus) -> bool;
 
-auto FromUnitFb(const Unit &unit) -> net::eagle0::common::CommonUnit;
+[[nodiscard]] auto FromUnitFb(const Unit &unit) -> net::eagle0::common::CommonUnit;
 
-auto FromInternalStatus(
+[[nodiscard]] auto FromInternalStatus(
         const net::eagle0::shardok::storage::ResolvedUnit::UnitStatus internalStatus)
         -> net::eagle0::common::UnitStatus;
 

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/server/TokenAuthInterceptor.hpp

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ private:
  * Read auth token from a file, stripping whitespace.
  * Returns empty string if file doesn't exist or is empty.
  */
-inline auto ReadAuthTokenFromFile(const std::string& filePath) -> std::string {
+[[nodiscard]] inline auto ReadAuthTokenFromFile(const std::string& filePath) -> std::string {
     if (filePath.empty()) { return ""; }
 
     std::ifstream file(filePath);

src/main/cpp/net/eagle0/shardok/util/MapLoader.hpp

@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] auto what() const noexcept -> const char* override { return description.c_str(); }
 };
 
-auto LoadMap(const std::string& mapName) -> HexMapProto;
+[[nodiscard]] auto LoadMap(const std::string& mapName) -> HexMapProto;
 
-auto LoadMapFromBytes(const std::string& mapBytes) -> HexMapProto;
+[[nodiscard]] auto LoadMapFromBytes(const std::string& mapBytes) -> HexMapProto;
 
-auto GetMapNames() -> std::vector<std::string>;
+[[nodiscard]] auto GetMapNames() -> std::vector<std::string>;
 
 #endif  // EAGLE0_SHARDOK_UTIL_MAP_LOADER_HPP

src/main/csharp/net/eagle0/clients/unity/eagle0/Assets/Eagle/BattleProgressPanel.cs

@@ -22,11 +22,8 @@ namespace eagle {
 
         public void SetGoToBattleAction(Action<string> action) { _goToBattleAction = action; }
 
-        public void UpdateBattles(
-                IList<ShardokBattleView> battles,
-                IGameModel model,
-                int battleDay,
-                string fightableGameId) {
+        public void
+        UpdateBattles(IList<ShardokBattleView> battles, IGameModel model, int battleDay) {
             dayLabel.text = $"Day {battleDay}";
 
             // Clear stale children left over from scene/prefab (e.g. after reload)
@@ -49,7 +46,7 @@ namespace eagle {
             }
 
             for (int i = 0; i < battles.Count; i++) {
-                _rows[i].Populate(battles[i], model, _goToBattleAction, fightableGameId);
+                _rows[i].Populate(battles[i], model, _goToBattleAction);
             }
         }
     }

src/main/csharp/net/eagle0/clients/unity/eagle0/Assets/Eagle/BattleProgressRowController.cs

@@ -22,11 +22,8 @@ namespace eagle {
 
         private bool _registeredAsFightButton;
 
-        public void Populate(
-                ShardokBattleView battle,
-                IGameModel model,
-                Action<string> goToBattleAction,
-                string fightableGameId) {
+        public void
+        Populate(ShardokBattleView battle, IGameModel model, Action<string> goToBattleAction) {
             // Province name
             if (model.Provinces.TryGetValue(battle.DefenderProvince, out var pv) &&
                 model.PlayerId.HasValue) {
@@ -64,7 +61,7 @@ namespace eagle {
                 outcomeLabel.color =
                         isAlliedWin ? new Color(0.2f, 0.8f, 0.2f) : new Color(0.8f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
 
-                actionButton.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+                SetActionButtonVisible(false);
             } else {
                 thermometer.gameObject.SetActive(true);
                 outcomeLabel.gameObject.SetActive(false);
@@ -100,32 +97,36 @@ namespace eagle {
 
                 actionButton.onClick.RemoveAllListeners();
                 var gameId = battle.ShardokGameId;
+                bool modelReady = model.ShardokGameModels.ContainsKey(gameId);
 
                 if (isSelf) {
-                    bool isFightable = gameId == fightableGameId;
-                    actionButton.gameObject.SetActive(true);
-                    actionButton.interactable = isFightable;
-                    actionButtonLabel.text = isFightable ? "Fight!" : "Waiting...";
-                    if (isFightable) {
+                    bool canFight = battle.CanFight && modelReady;
+                    SetActionButtonVisible(true);
+                    actionButton.interactable = canFight;
+                    actionButtonLabel.text =
+                            modelReady ? battle.CanFight ? "Fight!" : "Waiting..." : "Loading...";
+                    if (canFight) {
                         actionButton.onClick.AddListener(() => goToBattleAction?.Invoke(gameId));
                     }
-                    SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(isFightable);
+                    SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(canFight);
                 } else if (isAllied) {
                     // ShardokBattles is populated when a NewBattle eagle update arrives, but the
                     // matching ShardokGameModel isn't created until the first action-result
                     // response for that battle reaches us. During that gap, GoToBattle would
                     // throw on Model.ShardokGameModels[gameId]; gate the button on the model
                     // existing so the click can never land in the gap.
-                    bool modelReady = model.ShardokGameModels.ContainsKey(gameId);
-                    actionButton.gameObject.SetActive(true);
-                    actionButton.interactable = modelReady;
-                    actionButtonLabel.text = modelReady ? "Observe" : "Loading...";
-                    if (modelReady) {
+                    bool canObserve = battle.CanObserve && modelReady;
+                    SetActionButtonVisible(true);
+                    actionButton.interactable = canObserve;
+                    actionButtonLabel.text = modelReady
+                                                     ? battle.CanObserve ? "Observe" : "Waiting..."
+                                                     : "Loading...";
+                    if (canObserve) {
                         actionButton.onClick.AddListener(() => goToBattleAction?.Invoke(gameId));
                     }
                     SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(false);
                 } else {
-                    actionButton.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+                    SetActionButtonVisible(false);
                     SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(false);
                 }
             }
@@ -133,6 +134,17 @@ namespace eagle {
             if (hasWinner) { SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(false); }
         }
 
+        private void SetActionButtonVisible(bool visible) {
+            actionButton.gameObject.SetActive(true);
+            actionButton.interactable = visible;
+            actionButton.targetGraphic.enabled = visible;
+            actionButtonLabel.enabled = visible;
+            if (!visible) {
+                actionButton.onClick.RemoveAllListeners();
+                actionButtonLabel.text = "";
+            }
+        }
+
         private void SetFightButtonTutorialRegistration(bool shouldRegister) {
             var registry = TutorialManager.Instance?.TargetRegistry;
             if (registry == null) return;

src/main/csharp/net/eagle0/clients/unity/eagle0/Assets/Eagle/CommandPanels/Arm Troops Panel.prefab

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ RectTransform:
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 0}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 1, y: 1}
   m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: 0}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: -2, y: 0}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: -14, y: 0}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0, y: 1}
 --- !u!222 &8488118418423736121
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -1859,12 +1859,12 @@ RectTransform:
   - {fileID: 5557391494505736092}
   - {fileID: 6313361240299796939}
   - {fileID: 5570932315451852925}
-  m_Father: {fileID: 2429126807788525227}
+  m_Father: {fileID: 910000000000000004}
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
-  m_AnchorMin: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
-  m_AnchorMax: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 217.5914, y: -8}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 173.1829, y: 202}
+  m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 0, y: 0}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!114 &5247279438940124088
 MonoBehaviour:
@@ -2268,14 +2268,13 @@ RectTransform:
   m_LocalScale: {x: 1, y: 1, z: 1}
   m_ConstrainProportionsScale: 0
   m_Children:
-  - {fileID: 8329760851148613071}
-  - {fileID: 760782539024697097}
+  - {fileID: 910000000000000004}
   m_Father: {fileID: 0}
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 0}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 1, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: -20}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 0, y: -40}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: -26}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 0, y: -52}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &8056181741204377687
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -2334,6 +2333,70 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   maxLabel: {fileID: 2383775986439252}
   maxEvenLabel: {fileID: 2632144799086272744}
   maxEvenButton: {fileID: 8627715712575757530}
+--- !u!1 &910000000000000003
+GameObject:
+  m_ObjectHideFlags: 0
+  m_CorrespondingSourceObject: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabInstance: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabAsset: {fileID: 0}
+  serializedVersion: 6
+  m_Component:
+  - component: {fileID: 910000000000000004}
+  - component: {fileID: 910000000000000005}
+  m_Layer: 0
+  m_Name: Content
+  m_TagString: Untagged
+  m_Icon: {fileID: 0}
+  m_NavMeshLayer: 0
+  m_StaticEditorFlags: 0
+  m_IsActive: 1
+--- !u!224 &910000000000000004
+RectTransform:
+  m_ObjectHideFlags: 0
+  m_CorrespondingSourceObject: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabInstance: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabAsset: {fileID: 0}
+  m_GameObject: {fileID: 910000000000000003}
+  m_LocalRotation: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 1}
+  m_LocalPosition: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
+  m_LocalScale: {x: 1, y: 1, z: 1}
+  m_ConstrainProportionsScale: 0
+  m_Children:
+  - {fileID: 8329760851148613071}
+  - {fileID: 760782539024697097}
+  m_Father: {fileID: 2429126807788525227}
+  m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
+  m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_AnchorMax: {x: 1, y: 1}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: -10, y: -10}
+  m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
+--- !u!114 &910000000000000005
+MonoBehaviour:
+  m_ObjectHideFlags: 0
+  m_CorrespondingSourceObject: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabInstance: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabAsset: {fileID: 0}
+  m_GameObject: {fileID: 910000000000000003}
+  m_Enabled: 1
+  m_EditorHideFlags: 0
+  m_Script: {fileID: 11500000, guid: 30649d3a9faa99c48a7b1166b86bf2a0, type: 3}
+  m_Name:
+  m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.HorizontalLayoutGroup
+  m_Padding:
+    m_Left: 0
+    m_Right: 0
+    m_Top: 0
+    m_Bottom: 0
+  m_ChildAlignment: 4
+  m_Spacing: 10
+  m_ChildForceExpandWidth: 0
+  m_ChildForceExpandHeight: 0
+  m_ChildControlWidth: 1
+  m_ChildControlHeight: 1
+  m_ChildScaleWidth: 0
+  m_ChildScaleHeight: 0
+  m_ReverseArrangement: 0
 --- !u!1 &6366334277554995035
 GameObject:
   m_ObjectHideFlags: 0
@@ -2344,6 +2407,7 @@ GameObject:
   m_Component:
   - component: {fileID: 8329760851148613071}
   - component: {fileID: 531306430670215360}
+  - component: {fileID: 910000000000000002}
   m_Layer: 0
   m_Name: Arm Troops Table
   m_TagString: Untagged
@@ -2365,13 +2429,33 @@ RectTransform:
   m_Children:
   - {fileID: 1213384902002452052}
   - {fileID: 2133514339961208833}
-  m_Father: {fileID: 2429126807788525227}
+  m_Father: {fileID: 910000000000000004}
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
-  m_AnchorMin: {x: 0.5, y: 0}
-  m_AnchorMax: {x: 0.5, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: -79, y: 0}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 395, y: -20}
+  m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 0, y: 0}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 0, y: 0}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
+--- !u!114 &910000000000000002
+MonoBehaviour:
+  m_ObjectHideFlags: 0
+  m_CorrespondingSourceObject: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabInstance: {fileID: 0}
+  m_PrefabAsset: {fileID: 0}
+  m_GameObject: {fileID: 6366334277554995035}
+  m_Enabled: 1
+  m_EditorHideFlags: 0
+  m_Script: {fileID: 11500000, guid: 306cc8c2b49d7114eaa3623786fc2126, type: 3}
+  m_Name:
+  m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
+  m_IgnoreLayout: 0
+  m_MinWidth: 600
+  m_MinHeight: -1
+  m_PreferredWidth: 800
+  m_PreferredHeight: -1
+  m_FlexibleWidth: -1
+  m_FlexibleHeight: 1
+  m_LayoutPriority: 1
 --- !u!114 &531306430670215360
 MonoBehaviour:
   m_ObjectHideFlags: 0

src/main/csharp/net/eagle0/clients/unity/eagle0/Assets/Eagle/CommandPanels/Attack Decision Command Panel.prefab

@@ -1198,8 +1198,8 @@ RectTransform:
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -17.5}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 24, y: 31}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -16}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &1363051944519128355
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -1249,12 +1249,12 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: 24
-  m_MinHeight: 24
-  m_PreferredWidth: -1
-  m_PreferredHeight: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 32
+  m_MinHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 32
+  m_PreferredHeight: 32
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
-  m_FlexibleHeight: 1
+  m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
 --- !u!1 &1708500215346604881
 GameObject:
@@ -2278,8 +2278,8 @@ RectTransform:
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -17.5}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 24, y: 31}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -16}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &1265686771602852415
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -2329,12 +2329,12 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: 24
-  m_MinHeight: 24
-  m_PreferredWidth: -1
-  m_PreferredHeight: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 32
+  m_MinHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 32
+  m_PreferredHeight: 32
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
-  m_FlexibleHeight: 1
+  m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
 --- !u!1 &3265081575184054094
 GameObject:
@@ -4955,8 +4955,8 @@ RectTransform:
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -17.5}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 24, y: 31}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -16}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &3184427525695078776
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -5006,12 +5006,12 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: 24
-  m_MinHeight: 24
-  m_PreferredWidth: -1
-  m_PreferredHeight: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 32
+  m_MinHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 32
+  m_PreferredHeight: 32
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
-  m_FlexibleHeight: 1
+  m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
 --- !u!1 &7946146202987969918
 GameObject:
@@ -5048,8 +5048,8 @@ RectTransform:
   m_LocalEulerAnglesHint: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0}
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
-  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -17.5}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 24, y: 31}
+  m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 5, y: -16}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &7764612421372900914
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -5099,12 +5099,12 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: 24
-  m_MinHeight: 24
-  m_PreferredWidth: -1
-  m_PreferredHeight: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 32
+  m_MinHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 32
+  m_PreferredHeight: 32
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
-  m_FlexibleHeight: 1
+  m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
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@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ RectTransform:
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 44, y: -16}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 40, y: 40}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &9056578123099038329
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -1531,8 +1531,8 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
   m_MinWidth: -1
   m_MinHeight: -1
-  m_PreferredWidth: 32
-  m_PreferredHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 40
+  m_PreferredHeight: 40
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
   m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
@@ -1951,16 +1951,16 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: 
   m_Material: {fileID: 0}
-  m_Color: {r: 1, g: 1, b: 1, a: 0.5019608}
+  m_Color: {r: 1, g: 1, b: 1, a: 1}
   m_RaycastTarget: 1
   m_RaycastPadding: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 0}
   m_Maskable: 1
   m_OnCullStateChanged:
     m_PersistentCalls:
       m_Calls: []
-  m_Sprite: {fileID: 10905, guid: 0000000000000000f000000000000000, type: 0}
-  m_Type: 1
-  m_PreserveAspect: 0
+  m_Sprite: {fileID: 10913, guid: 0000000000000000f000000000000000, type: 0}
+  m_Type: 0
+  m_PreserveAspect: 1
   m_FillCenter: 1
   m_FillMethod: 4
   m_FillAmount: 1
@@ -2037,10 +2037,10 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: 
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 44
   m_MinHeight: 44
-  m_PreferredWidth: 25
-  m_PreferredHeight: 25
+  m_PreferredWidth: 44
+  m_PreferredHeight: 44
   m_FlexibleWidth: -1
   m_FlexibleHeight: -1
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
@@ -2057,9 +2057,9 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: -1
-  m_MinHeight: -1
-  m_PreferredWidth: 18
+  m_MinWidth: 44
+  m_MinHeight: 44
+  m_PreferredWidth: 44
   m_PreferredHeight: 44
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
   m_FlexibleHeight: 0
@@ -2322,16 +2322,16 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: 
   m_Material: {fileID: 0}
-  m_Color: {r: 1, g: 1, b: 1, a: 0.5019608}
+  m_Color: {r: 1, g: 1, b: 1, a: 1}
   m_RaycastTarget: 1
   m_RaycastPadding: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 0}
   m_Maskable: 1
   m_OnCullStateChanged:
     m_PersistentCalls:
       m_Calls: []
-  m_Sprite: {fileID: 10905, guid: 0000000000000000f000000000000000, type: 0}
-  m_Type: 1
-  m_PreserveAspect: 0
+  m_Sprite: {fileID: 10913, guid: 0000000000000000f000000000000000, type: 0}
+  m_Type: 0
+  m_PreserveAspect: 1
   m_FillCenter: 1
   m_FillMethod: 4
   m_FillAmount: 1
@@ -2408,10 +2408,10 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: 
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: -1
+  m_MinWidth: 44
   m_MinHeight: 44
-  m_PreferredWidth: 25
-  m_PreferredHeight: 25
+  m_PreferredWidth: 44
+  m_PreferredHeight: 44
   m_FlexibleWidth: -1
   m_FlexibleHeight: -1
   m_LayoutPriority: 1
@@ -2428,9 +2428,9 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_Name: 
   m_EditorClassIdentifier: UnityEngine.UI::UnityEngine.UI.LayoutElement
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
-  m_MinWidth: -1
-  m_MinHeight: -1
-  m_PreferredWidth: 18
+  m_MinWidth: 44
+  m_MinHeight: 44
+  m_PreferredWidth: 44
   m_PreferredHeight: 44
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
   m_FlexibleHeight: 0
@@ -2903,7 +2903,7 @@ RectTransform:
   m_AnchorMin: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchorMax: {x: 0, y: 1}
   m_AnchoredPosition: {x: 556, y: -16}
-  m_SizeDelta: {x: 32, y: 32}
+  m_SizeDelta: {x: 40, y: 40}
   m_Pivot: {x: 0.5, y: 0.5}
 --- !u!222 &7328892238930851044
 CanvasRenderer:
@@ -2958,8 +2958,8 @@ MonoBehaviour:
   m_IgnoreLayout: 0
   m_MinWidth: -1
   m_MinHeight: -1
-  m_PreferredWidth: 32
-  m_PreferredHeight: 32
+  m_PreferredWidth: 40
+  m_PreferredHeight: 40
   m_FlexibleWidth: 0
   m_FlexibleHeight: 0
   m_LayoutPriority: 1

src/main/csharp/net/eagle0/clients/unity/eagle0/Assets/Eagle/CommandSelectors/ArmTroopsCommandSelector.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,43 @@ namespace eagle {
         private int _availableGold;
         private int _maxArmament;
         private MaxAttainableEverywhereBattalions _maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions;
+        private int? _selectedBattalionIndex;
+        private GameObject _touchActionStrip;
+        private TMP_Text _touchActionStripLabel;
+        private Button _touchPlusButton;
+        private Button _touchMinusButton;
+        private Button _touchResetButton;
+        private Button _touchMaxButton;
+        private Image _touchPlusIcon;
+        private Image _touchMinusIcon;
+        private Image _touchResetIcon;
+        private Image _touchMaxIcon;
+        private Transform _touchActionButtonGrid;
+        private GameObject _allBattalionsHeader;
+        private GameObject _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow;
+        private bool _capturedTableLayout;
+        private bool _capturedAllBattalionsLayout;
+        private Vector2 _tableAnchoredPosition;
+        private Vector2 _tableSizeDelta;
+        private LayoutElement _tableLayoutElement;
+        private float _tableMinWidth;
+        private float _tablePreferredWidth;
+        private float _tableFlexibleWidth;
+        private HorizontalLayoutGroup _mainContentLayout;
+        private float _mainContentSpacing;
+        private Transform _touchActionStripParent;
+        private int _touchActionStripSiblingIndex;
+        private RectTransform _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform;
+        private Vector2 _allBattalionsControlsAnchoredPosition;
+        private Vector2 _allBattalionsControlsSizeDelta;
+        private VerticalLayoutGroup _allBattalionsControlsLayout;
+        private TextAnchor _allBattalionsControlsAlignment;
+        private RectTransform _maxAllButtonRectTransform;
+        private RectTransform _maxEvenButtonRectTransform;
+        private Transform _maxAllButtonParent;
+        private Transform _maxEvenButtonParent;
+        private int _maxAllButtonSiblingIndex;
+        private int _maxEvenButtonSiblingIndex;
 
         public EventBasedTable armTroopsTable;
         public TMP_Text totalCostText;
@@ -34,6 +71,9 @@ namespace eagle {
         private ArmTroopsAvailableCommand ArmTroopsAvailableCommand =>
                 _availableCommand.ArmTroopsCommand;
         private ProvinceId ActingProvinceId => ArmTroopsAvailableCommand.ActingProvinceId;
+        private bool UseTouchActionStrip =>
+                IsNarrowLayout && GameInput.HasTouchscreen() &&
+                (!GameInput.HasMousePointer() || GameInput.HasSimulatedTouchscreen());
 
         private struct MaxAttainableEverywhereBattalions {
             public int Armament;
@@ -107,6 +147,14 @@ namespace eagle {
         }
 
         protected override void SetUpUI() {
+            EnsureTouchActionStrip();
+            if (armTroopsTable.RowClickedHandler == null) {
+                armTroopsTable.RowClickedHandler = new EventBasedTable.RowClickedEvent();
+            }
+            armTroopsTable.WireRuntimeRowClickHandlers = true;
+            armTroopsTable.RowClickedHandler.RemoveListener(RowClicked);
+            armTroopsTable.RowClickedHandler.AddListener(RowClicked);
+
             var province = _model.Provinces[ActingProvinceId];
             _battalions =
                     ArmTroopsAvailableCommand.AvailableBattalions
@@ -126,16 +174,21 @@ namespace eagle {
             _maxArmament = ArmTroopsAvailableCommand.MaxArmament;
             _maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions = SpendRemainingGold(SpendEvenlyOnly());
 
-            if (_maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions.Armament == _maxArmament) {
-                maxEvenButton.gameObject.SetActive(false);
-            } else {
-                maxEvenLabel.text = _maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions.Armament.ToString();
-                maxEvenButton.gameObject.SetActive(true);
-            }
+            maxEvenLabel.text = _maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions.Armament.ToString();
+            maxEvenButton.gameObject.SetActive(true);
+            maxEvenButton.interactable =
+                    _maxAttainableEverywhereBattalions.Armament != _maxArmament;
 
             maxLabel.text = _maxArmament.ToString();
             availableText.text = _availableGold.ToString();
 
+            ApplyInputModeLayout();
+            UpdateTableAndCost();
+        }
+
+        public override void OnLayoutModeChanged() {
+            if (_battalions == null) return;
+            ApplyInputModeLayout();
             UpdateTableAndCost();
         }
 
@@ -159,6 +212,12 @@ namespace eagle {
             row.MinusButtonClickedCallback = () => MinusClicked(index);
             row.ResetButtonClickedCallback = () => ResetClicked(index);
             row.MaxButtonClickedCallback = () => MaxClicked(index);
+            row.RowClickedCallback = () => RowClicked(index);
+            row.SetActionButtonsVisible(!UseTouchActionStrip);
+            row.SetNameVisible(!UseTouchActionStrip);
+            row.SetContentRaycastTargets(!UseTouchActionStrip);
+            row.Selectable = true;
+            row.Selected = UseTouchActionStrip && _selectedBattalionIndex == index;
 
             SetValuesAndButtons(index);
         }
@@ -172,12 +231,13 @@ namespace eagle {
             row.NewArmament = newArmament;
             row.Name = battalion.Name;
 
-            row.AllowMax = battalion.Armament < _maxArmament;
-            row.AllowPlus = battalion.Armament < _maxArmament;
+            row.AllowMax = newArmament < _maxArmament;
+            row.AllowPlus = newArmament < _maxArmament;
             row.AllowMinus = battalion.Armament < newArmament;
             row.AllowReset = battalion.Armament != newArmament;
 
             UpdateCost();
+            UpdateTouchActionStrip();
         }
 
         private void UpdateCost() {
@@ -198,11 +258,28 @@ namespace eagle {
         }
 
         private void UpdateTableAndCost() {
+            if (UseTouchActionStrip && _battalions.Count > 0) {
+                if (_selectedBattalionIndex == null || _selectedBattalionIndex < 0 ||
+                    _selectedBattalionIndex >= _battalions.Count) {
+                    _selectedBattalionIndex = 0;
+                }
+            } else {
+                _selectedBattalionIndex = null;
+            }
+
             armTroopsTable.RowCount = _battalions.Count;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < _battalions.Count; i++) { PopulateRow(i); }
+            armTroopsTable.RefreshRowEventHandlers();
 
             UpdateCost();
+            UpdateTouchActionStrip();
+        }
+
+        public void RowClicked(int index) {
+            if (!UseTouchActionStrip) return;
+
+            SelectBattalion(index);
         }
 
         public void PlusClicked(int index) {
@@ -276,5 +353,378 @@ namespace eagle {
         }
 
         private int Cost() { return Cost(_newArmaments); }
+
+        private void SelectBattalion(int index) {
+            _selectedBattalionIndex = index;
+            for (int i = 0; i < _battalions.Count; i++) {
+                armTroopsTable.ComponentAt<ArmTroopsRowController>(i).Selected = i == index;
+            }
+            UpdateTouchActionStrip();
+        }
+
+        private bool TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index) {
+            index = _selectedBattalionIndex ?? -1;
+            return UseTouchActionStrip && index >= 0 && index < _battalions.Count;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateTouchActionStrip() {
+            if (_touchActionStrip == null) return;
+
+            if (!TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index)) {
+                _touchActionStrip.SetActive(false);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var battalion = _battalions[index];
+            var originalArmament = (int)(battalion.Armament ?? 0);
+            var newArmament = _newArmaments[index];
+
+            _touchActionStrip.SetActive(true);
+            _touchActionStripLabel.text = battalion.Name;
+            UpdateTouchActionButtonIcons();
+            _touchPlusButton.interactable = newArmament < _maxArmament;
+            _touchMinusButton.interactable = originalArmament < newArmament;
+            _touchResetButton.interactable = originalArmament != newArmament;
+            _touchMaxButton.interactable = newArmament < _maxArmament;
+        }
+
+        private void EnsureTouchActionStrip() {
+            if (_touchActionStrip != null) return;
+
+            _touchActionStrip = new GameObject(
+                    "Touch Action Strip",
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(Image),
+                    typeof(VerticalLayoutGroup));
+            _touchActionStrip.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
+            _touchActionStripParent = transform;
+            _touchActionStripSiblingIndex = _touchActionStrip.transform.GetSiblingIndex();
+
+            var rectTransform = _touchActionStrip.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+            rectTransform.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
+            rectTransform.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
+            rectTransform.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
+            rectTransform.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(55f, -16f);
+            rectTransform.sizeDelta = new Vector2(176f, 186f);
+
+            var stripLayoutElement = _touchActionStrip.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            stripLayoutElement.minWidth = 176f;
+            stripLayoutElement.preferredWidth = 176f;
+            stripLayoutElement.minHeight = 202f;
+            stripLayoutElement.preferredHeight = 202f;
+            stripLayoutElement.flexibleWidth = -1f;
+            stripLayoutElement.flexibleHeight = 1f;
+
+            var background = _touchActionStrip.GetComponent<Image>();
+            background.color = Color.clear;
+
+            var layout = _touchActionStrip.GetComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+            layout.padding = new RectOffset(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            layout.spacing = 6f;
+            layout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.UpperCenter;
+            layout.childControlWidth = true;
+            layout.childControlHeight = true;
+            layout.childForceExpandWidth = false;
+            layout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
+
+            _touchActionStripLabel = CreateActionStripLabel();
+            _touchActionButtonGrid = CreateActionButtonGrid();
+            _touchMinusButton = CreateActionStripButton("Minus Button", out _touchMinusIcon, () => {
+                if (TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index)) { MinusClicked(index); }
+            });
+            _touchPlusButton = CreateActionStripButton("Plus Button", out _touchPlusIcon, () => {
+                if (TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index)) { PlusClicked(index); }
+            });
+            _touchResetButton = CreateActionStripButton("Reset Button", out _touchResetIcon, () => {
+                if (TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index)) { ResetClicked(index); }
+            });
+            _touchMaxButton = CreateActionStripButton("Max Button", out _touchMaxIcon, () => {
+                if (TrySelectedBattalionIndex(out int index)) { MaxClicked(index); }
+            });
+
+            _touchActionStrip.SetActive(false);
+            EnsureAllBattalionsHeader();
+        }
+
+        private void ApplyInputModeLayout() {
+            var tableRectTransform = armTroopsTable.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+            if (!_capturedTableLayout) {
+                _tableAnchoredPosition = tableRectTransform.anchoredPosition;
+                _tableSizeDelta = tableRectTransform.sizeDelta;
+                _tableLayoutElement = armTroopsTable.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+                _tableMinWidth = _tableLayoutElement.minWidth;
+                _tablePreferredWidth = _tableLayoutElement.preferredWidth;
+                _tableFlexibleWidth = _tableLayoutElement.flexibleWidth;
+                _mainContentLayout =
+                        tableRectTransform.parent.GetComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+                _mainContentSpacing = _mainContentLayout.spacing;
+                _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform =
+                        maxEvenButton.transform.parent.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+                _allBattalionsControlsAnchoredPosition =
+                        _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.anchoredPosition;
+                _allBattalionsControlsSizeDelta = _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.sizeDelta;
+                _capturedTableLayout = true;
+            }
+            CaptureAllBattalionsLayout();
+            EnsureAllBattalionsHeader();
+            EnsureAllBattalionsMaxButtonRow();
+
+            if (UseTouchActionStrip) {
+                var touchTableWidth = 270f;
+                _mainContentLayout.spacing = _mainContentSpacing;
+                _tableLayoutElement.minWidth = touchTableWidth;
+                _tableLayoutElement.preferredWidth = touchTableWidth;
+                _tableLayoutElement.flexibleWidth = -1f;
+                tableRectTransform.anchoredPosition = _tableAnchoredPosition;
+                tableRectTransform.sizeDelta = _tableSizeDelta;
+                _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.anchoredPosition =
+                        _allBattalionsControlsAnchoredPosition;
+                _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.sizeDelta = new Vector2(190f, 202f);
+                _allBattalionsControlsLayout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.UpperCenter;
+
+                _touchActionStrip.transform.SetParent(tableRectTransform.parent, false);
+                _touchActionStrip.transform.SetSiblingIndex(
+                        tableRectTransform.GetSiblingIndex() + 1);
+                var touchActionStripRectTransform = _touchActionStrip.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+                touchActionStripRectTransform.anchoredPosition = Vector2.zero;
+                touchActionStripRectTransform.sizeDelta = new Vector2(176f, 202f);
+
+                _allBattalionsHeader.transform.SetParent(
+                        _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform,
+                        false);
+                _allBattalionsHeader.transform.SetSiblingIndex(0);
+                _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.transform.SetParent(
+                        _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform,
+                        false);
+                _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.transform.SetSiblingIndex(1);
+                _maxAllButtonRectTransform.SetParent(_allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.transform, false);
+                _maxAllButtonRectTransform.SetSiblingIndex(0);
+                _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.SetParent(_allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.transform, false);
+                _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.SetSiblingIndex(1);
+
+                _allBattalionsHeader.SetActive(true);
+                _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.SetActive(true);
+            } else {
+                _mainContentLayout.spacing = 18f;
+                _tableLayoutElement.minWidth = _tableMinWidth;
+                _tableLayoutElement.preferredWidth = _tablePreferredWidth;
+                _tableLayoutElement.flexibleWidth = _tableFlexibleWidth;
+                tableRectTransform.anchoredPosition = _tableAnchoredPosition;
+                tableRectTransform.sizeDelta = _tableSizeDelta;
+                _touchActionStrip.transform.SetParent(_touchActionStripParent, false);
+                _touchActionStrip.transform.SetSiblingIndex(_touchActionStripSiblingIndex);
+                _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.anchoredPosition =
+                        _allBattalionsControlsAnchoredPosition;
+                _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.sizeDelta = _allBattalionsControlsSizeDelta;
+                _allBattalionsControlsLayout.childAlignment = _allBattalionsControlsAlignment;
+                RestoreAllBattalionsMaxButtons();
+                if (_allBattalionsHeader != null) { _allBattalionsHeader.SetActive(false); }
+                if (_allBattalionsMaxButtonRow != null) {
+                    _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.SetActive(false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CaptureAllBattalionsLayout() {
+            if (_capturedAllBattalionsLayout) return;
+
+            _allBattalionsControlsLayout =
+                    _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.GetComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+            _allBattalionsControlsAlignment = _allBattalionsControlsLayout.childAlignment;
+            _maxAllButtonRectTransform =
+                    _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform.GetChild(0).GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+            _maxEvenButtonRectTransform = maxEvenButton.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+            _maxAllButtonParent = _maxAllButtonRectTransform.parent;
+            _maxEvenButtonParent = _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.parent;
+            _maxAllButtonSiblingIndex = _maxAllButtonRectTransform.GetSiblingIndex();
+            _maxEvenButtonSiblingIndex = _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.GetSiblingIndex();
+
+            _capturedAllBattalionsLayout = true;
+        }
+
+        private void RestoreAllBattalionsMaxButtons() {
+            _maxAllButtonRectTransform.SetParent(_maxAllButtonParent, false);
+            _maxAllButtonRectTransform.SetSiblingIndex(_maxAllButtonSiblingIndex);
+            _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.SetParent(_maxEvenButtonParent, false);
+            _maxEvenButtonRectTransform.SetSiblingIndex(_maxEvenButtonSiblingIndex);
+        }
+
+        private TMP_Text CreateActionStripLabel() {
+            var label = new GameObject(
+                    "Selected Battalion Label",
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(TextMeshProUGUI));
+            label.transform.SetParent(_touchActionStrip.transform, false);
+
+            var layoutElement = label.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            layoutElement.minWidth = 176f;
+            layoutElement.preferredWidth = 176f;
+            layoutElement.minHeight = 56f;
+            layoutElement.preferredHeight = 56f;
+
+            var text = label.GetComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+            text.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Top;
+            text.color = Color.black;
+            text.font = maxLabel.font;
+            text.fontSize = 16f;
+            text.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.Normal;
+            text.overflowMode = TextOverflowModes.Ellipsis;
+
+            return text;
+        }
+
+        private Transform CreateActionButtonGrid() {
+            var gridObject = new GameObject(
+                    "Action Button Grid",
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(GridLayoutGroup));
+            gridObject.transform.SetParent(_touchActionStrip.transform, false);
+
+            var layoutElement = gridObject.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            layoutElement.minWidth = 108f;
+            layoutElement.preferredWidth = 108f;
+            layoutElement.minHeight = 108f;
+            layoutElement.preferredHeight = 108f;
+
+            var grid = gridObject.GetComponent<GridLayoutGroup>();
+            grid.cellSize = new Vector2(48f, 48f);
+            grid.spacing = new Vector2(6f, 6f);
+            grid.constraint = GridLayoutGroup.Constraint.FixedColumnCount;
+            grid.constraintCount = 2;
+            grid.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+
+            return gridObject.transform;
+        }
+
+        private Button CreateActionStripButton(
+                string name,
+                out Image icon,
+                UnityEngine.Events.UnityAction action) {
+            var buttonObject = new GameObject(
+                    name,
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(Image),
+                    typeof(Button));
+            buttonObject.transform.SetParent(_touchActionButtonGrid, false);
+
+            var layoutElement = buttonObject.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            layoutElement.minWidth = 48f;
+            layoutElement.preferredWidth = 48f;
+            layoutElement.minHeight = 48f;
+            layoutElement.preferredHeight = 48f;
+
+            var image = buttonObject.GetComponent<Image>();
+            image.color = new Color(0.94f, 0.94f, 0.96f, 1f);
+            CopyButtonBackground(maxEvenButton, image);
+
+            var button = buttonObject.GetComponent<Button>();
+            button.targetGraphic = image;
+            button.onClick.AddListener(action);
+
+            var iconObject = new GameObject("Icon", typeof(RectTransform), typeof(Image));
+            iconObject.transform.SetParent(buttonObject.transform, false);
+
+            var iconRectTransform = iconObject.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+            iconRectTransform.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
+            iconRectTransform.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
+            iconRectTransform.anchoredPosition = Vector2.zero;
+            iconRectTransform.sizeDelta = new Vector2(34f, 34f);
+
+            icon = iconObject.GetComponent<Image>();
+            icon.color = Color.black;
+            icon.preserveAspect = true;
+
+            return button;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateTouchActionButtonIcons() {
+            if (_battalions == null || _battalions.Count == 0) return;
+
+            var row = armTroopsTable.ComponentAt<ArmTroopsRowController>(0);
+            _touchMinusIcon.sprite = ButtonIconSprite(row.minusButton);
+            _touchPlusIcon.sprite = ButtonIconSprite(row.plusButton);
+            _touchResetIcon.sprite = ButtonIconSprite(row.resetButton);
+            _touchMaxIcon.sprite = ButtonIconSprite(row.maxButton);
+        }
+
+        private Sprite ButtonIconSprite(Button button) {
+            foreach (var image in button.GetComponentsInChildren<Image>(includeInactive: true)) {
+                if (image.gameObject != button.gameObject && image.sprite != null) {
+                    return image.sprite;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void CopyButtonBackground(Button sourceButton, Image targetImage) {
+            var sourceImage = sourceButton.targetGraphic as Image;
+            if (sourceImage == null) return;
+
+            targetImage.sprite = sourceImage.sprite;
+            targetImage.type = sourceImage.type;
+            targetImage.pixelsPerUnitMultiplier = sourceImage.pixelsPerUnitMultiplier;
+        }
+
+        private void EnsureAllBattalionsMaxButtonRow() {
+            if (_allBattalionsMaxButtonRow != null) return;
+
+            _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow = new GameObject(
+                    "All Battalions Max Button Row",
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(HorizontalLayoutGroup));
+            _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.transform.SetParent(
+                    _allBattalionsControlsRectTransform,
+                    false);
+
+            var layoutElement = _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            layoutElement.minWidth = 190f;
+            layoutElement.preferredWidth = 190f;
+            layoutElement.minHeight = 60f;
+            layoutElement.preferredHeight = 60f;
+
+            var layout = _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.GetComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+            layout.padding = new RectOffset(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            layout.spacing = 8f;
+            layout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+            layout.childControlWidth = true;
+            layout.childControlHeight = true;
+            layout.childForceExpandWidth = false;
+            layout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
+
+            _allBattalionsMaxButtonRow.SetActive(false);
+        }
+
+        private void EnsureAllBattalionsHeader() {
+            if (_allBattalionsHeader != null) return;
+
+            _allBattalionsHeader = new GameObject(
+                    "All Battalions Header",
+                    typeof(RectTransform),
+                    typeof(LayoutElement),
+                    typeof(TextMeshProUGUI));
+            _allBattalionsHeader.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
+
+            var layoutElement = _allBattalionsHeader.GetComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            layoutElement.minWidth = 190f;
+            layoutElement.preferredWidth = 190f;
+            layoutElement.minHeight = 56f;
+            layoutElement.preferredHeight = 56f;
+
+            var text = _allBattalionsHeader.GetComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+            text.text = "All Battalions";
+            text.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Top;
+            text.color = Color.black;
+            text.font = maxLabel.font;
+            text.fontSize = 16f;
+            text.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.NoWrap;
+
+            _allBattalionsHeader.SetActive(false);
+        }
     }
-}
+}